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新生儿经外周穿刺中心静脉导管术

2014-03-24 佚名 dxy

新生儿患者通常需要很长一段时间的静脉营养或静脉给药。,相较于其他中心静脉置管,经外周穿刺中心静脉导管(PICC)拥有诸多优势。PICC是经外周静脉穿刺,将一根由硅胶材料制成、标有刻度、能以放射显影的中心静脉导管插入静脉,并使其顶端位于上腔或下腔静脉内的深静脉导管置入。适应症患者需要建立长期血管通路的早期识别和早期中心置管可减少皮肤穿刺数量并提高新生儿PICC置管成功率。需要行PICC的新生儿包括需

新生儿患者通常需要很长一段时间的静脉营养或静脉给药。,相较于其他中心静脉置管,经外周穿刺中心静脉导管(PICC)拥有诸多优势。PICC是经外周静脉穿刺,将一根由硅胶材料制成、标有刻度、能以放射显影的中心静脉导管插入静脉,并使其顶端位于上腔或下腔静脉内的深静脉导管置入。

适应症

患者需要建立长期血管通路的早期识别和早期中心置管可减少皮肤穿刺数量并提高新生儿PICC置管成功率。需要行PICC的新生儿包括需持续肠外营养的低体重婴儿、需要建立长期静脉的婴儿、需注射高渗透性或刺激性液体或药物的婴儿、需经专用导管获取维持生命药物的婴儿、外周浅静脉条件差无法正常建立或维持血管通道的婴儿。

禁忌症

一般来说,新生儿PICC置管很少有禁忌症。然而,某些情况下中心静脉置管应尽可能避免,比如存在感染征象(48小时内血液培养阳性)、预定插管部位有静脉血栓、患者家属不同意、使用外周或中线导管可建立血管通道。

静脉选择

常见导管插入位置包括胳膊、腿和头皮。新生儿置管亦可选择手足静脉。相较于头静脉、贵要静脉直径更大、解剖结构直。由于右侧贵要静脉到达中心循环的路径更直接,临床中更倾向于右侧贵要静脉。腋静脉直径大,且可提供到达锁骨下静脉的直接路径。应该注意避免腋动脉套管插入术。

头静脉可见度好,但在耳朵和锁骨下静脉入口处变得曲折,置管时将患儿头部向中线位置移动可促进导管中央循环。腿部静脉可为新生儿置管提供多个选择,但在股骨褶皱处进行操作相当困难。行股静脉和颈静脉置管需在超声引导下进行。

插管设备

为患儿选择合适的导管。穿刺时严格无菌操作,戴口罩和无菌手套,准备好新生儿PICC穿刺包,应包括以下物品:插管器、卷尺、防腐溶液、膜片钳、皮下注射器、纱布、无菌帷帘、止血带、剪刀、切边装置、皮肤缝合胶黏带、干净的敷料、导管冲洗设备、标签;

置管

置管前确认病人身份和置管部分。除需持续胃减压的患儿,其他患儿均需移除口腔胃管和鼻胃管。并放射显影前完成移除,在置管后重新放置胃管。置管时严格无菌操作,着无菌服、戴口罩和无菌手套。

使用抗菌溶液对预订置管部位消毒,但尚无研究证明使用双氯苯双胍己烷对早产儿及小于两个月的新生儿进行消毒是否安全。需根据医院情况和患者情况选择合适的消毒方案。如使用聚乙烯吡咯酮碘,需待患儿皮肤干后立即移除以防组织损伤、吸收及甲状腺抑制。使用生理盐水冲洗导管同样重要,以确保导管无损伤或缺陷。 

先用静脉短导管穿刺所选浅静脉,并观察回血情况。如有回血,则立即停止插入以防刺破静脉后壁。成功后,剪断短导管尾部,再将长导管通过短导管送入静脉,并逐渐送至所需长度后,小心退出短导管,并压迫穿刺部位止血。

许多临床医生喜欢冲洗插管器以证明导管通畅病房防止腔内淤血。一旦导管正确插入下腔静脉或上腔静脉,血液应可顺畅回流。使用带有可撕裂鞘的穿刺针进行静脉穿刺,回血后放松止血带。

并发症

新生儿置管最常见的并发症是导管异位及穿刺点出血。手臂和头皮部位的导管一般异位至颈内静脉、腋静脉或右心房,其中以颈内静脉最常见。导管异位的线索包括导管深度不够、血流不畅或无回血、导管冲洗困难。

新生儿PICC并发症包括导管相关血液感染、导管阻塞、导管移位、导管断裂、血栓形成、静脉炎、前臂水肿、胸膜或心脏胸腔积液、急性心压塞 和心律失常。维持恰当的导管位置并在导管护理过程中坚持无菌操作将帮助减少导管相关并发症。

导管拔除

不需要导管时须立即拔除,新生儿PICC需轻柔拔除。导管拔除时应先进行消毒,从穿刺点部位轻慢拔出。记录拔除导管的长度,并核对患者病历以确保导管被完全拔除。

操作过程中如遇困难,可能需要重置导管或冲洗导管,一段时间后再进行拔除操作或咨询外科医师。

冲洗导管遇到困难可能意味着导管顶端及其周围有栓塞。此时不宜强行移除导管以免断裂。有一种拔管技术可对静脉进行20-30分钟的热敷、冲洗导管并对拔除点进行按摩。但是该技术的有效性尚未证实。

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    2016-03-27 1de8de57m75(暂无匿称)

    已阅,很棒

    0

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    2014-03-26 rgjl
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=74010, encodeId=4ecce4010b6, content=已阅,很棒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=119, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM6OQiaOxPEaU25IoNZ1QCKGicxAC7sL7p14FXNyhkprM2ibfqVBWVgxIiaX4IsqHs5Q9ERTbrsadQP64w/0, createdBy=8ce31705204, createdName=1de8de57m75(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Mar 27 19:36:00 CST 2016, time=2016-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1796970, encodeId=c3d91e96970b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a6e221853a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中心静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22185, encryptionId=5a6e221853a, topicName=中心静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Wed Jul 16 11:07:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311855, encodeId=d04f13118551c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=21a6e54280e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#穿刺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=75428, encryptionId=21a6e54280e, topicName=穿刺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8b48400, createdName=rgjl, createdTime=Wed Mar 26 02:07:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365538, encodeId=bb681365538b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e2ff2218823' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中心静脉导管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22188, encryptionId=e2ff2218823, topicName=中心静脉导管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f32220, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Wed Mar 26 02:07:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697207, encodeId=59a9169e2077c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Sun Jul 13 12:07:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-07-13 fusion
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