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Nature:肿瘤异质性和耐药性的罪魁祸首之一——ecDNA

2017-02-10 佚名 生物探索

肿瘤异质性是肿瘤研究的一个热点新话题,它对肿瘤的突变、演化、转移、耐药机制等都有着深刻的影响。近日,发表于Nature上的一项研究揭示,染色体外的DNA(ecDNA)在肿瘤异质性和进化过程中扮演着重要角色。



肿瘤在生长过程中,经过多次分裂增殖,其子细胞往往会呈现出分子生物学或基因方面的改变,这种异质性(heterogeneity)使肿瘤的生长速度、侵袭能力、对药物的敏感性、预后等各方面产生差异。

2月8日,Nature上发表的一项研究报道了另一个影响肿瘤异质性的因素——非染色体DNA,它们类似于环状DNA,在所分析的40%的肿瘤细胞系中被发现。这种染色体外DNA(ecDNA)表达驱动肿瘤生长和存活相关的致癌基因的多个拷贝,并且可能有助于肿瘤的异质性和进化。由Ludwig癌症研究所的Paul Mischel和加州圣地亚哥医学院的Vineet Bafna共同领导的跨学科小组探索了非染色体DNA(ecDNA)在肿瘤发展中的作用。

ecDNA在肿瘤中的重要性

编码癌基因的ecDNA被认为十分罕见,并且这种非染色体DNA在肿瘤生长和进化中的作用还不太清楚。在2014年发表于Science上的文章中, Mischel和同事揭示了ecDNA在某些脑肿瘤的耐药性中发挥核心作用。那项研究结果令人惊喜,因为,几十年来癌症生物学家往往将注意力集中于哪些基因促进癌症,而不是那些基因位于哪里。虽然几名癌症生物学家在20世纪60年代就描述了ecDNA在一些肿瘤细胞中的存在,但当时他们缺乏量化ecDNA的工具,所以这种现象长期以来被认为是罕见的并且对癌症的发展无关紧要。这项研究结果让人们意识到ecDNA的重要性。

近一半肿瘤含有ecDNA

Mischel实验室的博士后Kristen Turner,首次量化2572个细胞中ecDNA水平。这些细胞来自117位病人的肿瘤细胞系,8个非癌性人类细胞样本和10个永生非癌细胞系。该团队开发了成像软件来检测分裂中期的ecDNA,此时配对染色体和ecDNA比较容易区分开来。ecDNA几乎从未在正常细胞中检测到,而40%的多种癌症类型和近90%的来自患者的脑部肿瘤异种移植模型含有ecDNA。并且,ecDNA水平在肿瘤内的变化很大。

肿瘤细胞中ecDNA差异导致肿瘤异质性

进一步确认ecDNA中存在哪些基因,研究人员发现,所有的致癌基因都完全在ecDNA上进行扩增或者ecDNA和染色体上扩增,而非该基因染色体上的正常位置,这表明这些基因可能具有较大的流动性。当癌基因在ecDNA而不是在染色体上扩增时,肿瘤趋近于多样化或异质性更强,使得它们能够更快速地达到并维持较高的癌症促进基因水平。

在计算机科学家Vineet Bafna的共同领导下,研究人员创建了一个模型来模拟ecDNA如何在子细胞中分离。由于ecDNA不含有附着到中期纺锤体所需的着丝粒,因此与染色体不同,在肿瘤细胞分裂时,ecDNA被随机分配到子细胞中。这导致一些肿瘤细胞中可能有许多ecDNA,而另一些可能没有。其数目的差异越大,肿瘤细胞的异质性也就越大。正是这种细胞多样性使得肿瘤对治疗产生更强的抗性。

“了解肿瘤细胞如何发展以及如何增加其驱动因子的拷贝数和变异性,可能为癌症基础生物学及寻找治疗靶点提供一些重要线索。”Mischel说。目前,他和他的团队正在努力揭示涉及ecDNA的产生和维持的分子机制,并探索ecDNA水平如何响应肿瘤内部环境的变化。

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    2017-03-24 baoya
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    2017-08-10 liye789132251
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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLBkyaelI9ia3n9SbuKmBdaY0PqCOzd0nhRUstroXmUmXZ5EBTmibtLEvCCIpyHAqxQXGfZz49ibrwjkg/0, createdBy=39781652829, createdName=雾夜芭蕾, createdTime=Sat Feb 11 12:49:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-12 1771ae4158m

    学习一下很不错

    0

  4. 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    2017-02-12 ylzr123

    好文,值得点赞,值得拥有,值得收藏!

    0

  5. 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    2017-02-11 墨尔

    很好的知识。

    0

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    2017-02-11 1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称)

    肿瘤在生长过程中,经过多次分裂增殖,其子细胞往往会呈现出分子生物学或基因方面的改变,

    0

  7. 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    2017-02-11 雾夜芭蕾

    与肿瘤细胞和平

    0

  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLBkyaelI9ia3n9SbuKmBdaY0PqCOzd0nhRUstroXmUmXZ5EBTmibtLEvCCIpyHAqxQXGfZz49ibrwjkg/0, createdBy=39781652829, createdName=雾夜芭蕾, createdTime=Sat Feb 11 12:49:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-11 雾夜芭蕾

    人类是否能够

    0

  9. 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    2017-02-11 雾夜芭蕾

    肿瘤的发病原因

    0

  10. 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    2017-02-11 雾夜芭蕾

    什么时候掌握

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