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呼吸机使用入门大全

2015-11-20 佚名 医学之声

呼吸机大家都见过,但是很多朋友对其应用还不太熟悉,一些辅导资料看着老长老长的,而且看着很复杂,一看就懵了。今天我们就跟大家入个门,粗略介绍一下如何正确使用呼吸机及呼吸机使用过程中的注意事项. 适应症 使用呼吸机的目的就是为机体提供并维持足够的氧合和肺泡通气。其适应证包括以下四个大的方面: (一):低氧血症 1.所有低氧血症病人均需进行氧气治疗,但并不一定

呼吸机大家都见过,但是很多朋友对其应用还不太熟悉,一些辅导资料看着老长老长的,而且看着很复杂,一看就懵了。今天我们就跟大家入个门,粗略介绍一下如何正确使用呼吸机及呼吸机使用过程中的注意事项.

适应症

使用呼吸机的目的就是为机体提供并维持足够的氧合和肺泡通气。其适应证包括以下四个大的方面:

(一):低氧血症

1.所有低氧血症病人均需进行氧气治疗,但并不一定需要呼吸机进行机械通气。
2.肺水肿、肺不张导致的低氧型呼吸衰竭患者,可以先进行面罩无创正压通气,如症状缓解可不行气管插管,如症状加重,应立即行气管插管。
3.经解痉、平喘及持续吸氧,氧分压仍低于60MMHG的患者。

(二):肺泡通气量不足

1.由于肺泡通气量不足,导致动脉血PH值小于7.20时,即出现呼吸性酸中毒时,应立即机械通气。
2.由于肺泡通气量不足,患者出现呼吸做功明显增加,呼吸表浅、呼吸频数,即将出现呼吸衰竭时,应立即进行机械通气。
3.ARDS及严重的肺部感染。

(三):呼吸肌疲劳

各种原因导致的呼吸做功增加,应在出现氧合障碍前进行机械通气。

(四):严重胸部创伤、胸部或心外、颅脑外手术后,必须常规使用呼吸机辅助呼吸,直至病人清醒,自主呼吸恢复。

禁忌症

呼吸机的使用无绝对禁忌症,但在某些情况下需先行必要处理后再进行机械通气。有以下几个方面:

(一):张力性气胸

患者一旦诊断为张力性气胸,应先行胸腔闭式引流,在行机械通气,也可同时进行,防止缺氧导致心跳骤停。

(二):肺大泡、重度肺囊肿

伴有肺大泡及重度肺囊肿的患者,在使用呼吸机时,应调低气道峰压及限压水平,禁止使用PEEP通气模式,严密监测血氧饱和度,经常进行肺部听诊,发现气胸及时处理。

(三):大量胸腔积液

必须在引流或穿刺放液后使用,防止使用呼吸机造成肺脏局部压力过高,形成气胸。

(四):误吸导致的呼吸衰竭

由大咯血或严重误吸导致的呼衰,应在清除气道内异物后,再行机械通气。

并发症

(一):诱发肺损伤

主要有以下两方面的原因:

1.肺泡过度膨胀和跨肺泡压增高,引起炎症和肺泡-毛细血管通透性增加。
2.肺泡反复扩张和萎陷产生剪切力,同样造成炎症及肺部损伤,特别是ARDS患者应用PEEP时更易出现。

(二):气压伤

主要发生在持续气道正压通气时,肺泡破裂后,气体可沿支气管血管鞘渗至肺间质-纵隔-心包-胸膜腔和皮下组织,称为气压伤。当气道峰压大于40CMH2O时,容易出现气压伤,如果患者在使用呼吸机辅助呼吸过程中突然出现血流动力学改变,应怀疑出现气压伤,形成张力性气胸。

(三):对体循环的影响

主要体现在使用正压通气模式—胸腔压力上升—静脉回流减少—右心前负荷降低。另一方面肺泡压力上升—肺循环阻力增加—右心室后负荷增加,导致输出量降低,血压下降,可适当补充血容量与之对抗。

(四):对脑部血流的影响

特别是使用PEEP的患者—胸腔内压力升高—颈静脉回流受阻—颅内压升高(ICP)—脑灌注压降低(CPP)--继发性脑损害。因此,颅脑损伤患者不宜使用PEEP模式。

(五):呼吸机相关性肺炎

多与气管插管套囊周围分泌物误吸有关,因此,长期使用呼吸机的患者应常规应用抗生素预防感染。

应用呼吸机的指征

1.临床指证:呼吸浅慢、不规则,极度呼吸困难,呼吸欲停或已停止,伴有严重意识障碍。
2.血气分析指证:PH小于7.20;PACO2大于70-80mmHg;PAO2在吸入氧浓度为40%的氧气30分钟后仍小于50mmHg.

呼吸机与机体的连接方式

1.面罩:无创正压通气,患者容易接受,适用于神志清楚的患者,如:COPD患者可短期内使用,使用时间视病情而定。
2.气管插管:适用于昏迷或半昏迷的重症患者,插管保留时间一般不宜超过5天,特殊情况下可延长至7天,超过7天,必须行气管切开。
3.气管切开:适用于须长期做机械通气的患者。

呼吸机基本参数的调节

呼吸机的基本参数主要包括以下几个方面;

1.给氧浓度:计算公式:21+4*氧流量。低浓度氧(24- 40%),适用于COPD患者;中浓度氧(40-60%)适用于缺氧而二氧化碳储留时;高浓度氧(大于60%)适用于CO中毒、心源性休克及严重创伤大型手术后,吸入高浓度氧不应超过1-2天,否则易至氧中毒。

2.潮气量:一般设定为8—10ml/kg,对于ARDS、肺水肿、肺不张等肺顺应性差的患者可设定在10—12ml/kg,最大可用至10—15/ml/kg。

3.呼吸频率:一般选择8—14次/分,如果撤机前让患者逐步适应,可降低呼吸频率至2—10处/分。

4.吸气/呼气时间比:阻塞性通气障碍时吸:呼为1:2-2.5,并配合慢频率;限制性通气障碍时,吸:呼为1:1.5,并配合较快频率。

5.压力支持:在使用压力支持通气模式时设定该参数,肺内轻度病变:15-20CMH2O;中度病变:20-25cmH2O;重度病变:25-30CMH2O.

常用通气模式的选择

1.辅助/控制模式(A/C):容量控制模式,是成人常用的通气模式,可以保证通气量;压力控制通气(PCV)小儿常用,压力恒定,不易发生肺的气压伤。

2.同步间歇指令通气(SIMV):优点是保证通气量,又有利于锻炼呼吸肌,比较常用,常作为撤机前的过度措施。

3.压力支持通气(PSV):是病人自主呼吸触发呼吸机后,呼吸机给予病人一定的压力支持,达到提高通气量的目的,属呼吸机辅助的自主通气模式,同步性好,看与SIMV配合使用。

4.持续气道正压通气(CPAP):是患者在自主呼吸的基础上,呼吸机在吸呼两相均给予一定压力,使肺泡张开,适用于肺顺应性下降及肺不张,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等。

5.呼气末正压通气(PEEP):在呼气时仍保持气道内正压,处于预定的正压水平,一般主张终末正压为5—10cmH2O.因为正常人在呼气末由于声门关闭,也维持一定的正压,称为生理性PEEP,一般在1-3厘米水柱之间,主要是为了维持功能残气量及防止肺泡萎陷。病人实施气管插管后,丧失了这种生理保护作用,因此在机械通气时可以使用1-3cmH2O的PEEP,但不宜过高,防止造成肺大泡及气压伤,该模式主要应用于ARDS及肺水肿患者。

根据血气结果如何调节呼吸参数

1.Pa02过低时:增加氧浓度、适当使用PEEP、增加每分通气量、延长通气时间。
2.PaO2过高时:降低氧浓度、逐渐降低PEEP、减少每分通气量
3.PaCO2过高时:增加呼吸频率、增加潮气量、适当下调吸呼比
4.PaCO2过低时:降低呼吸频率、减少潮气量、延长呼气时间、上调吸呼比

撤机标准

停机条件:病人呼吸和咳嗽能力恢复,自主呼吸能产生足够的通气量,血氧饱和度始终维持在90%以上;肺部感染控制;呼吸道分泌物不多;无严重的肺部或全身合并症;动脉血气分析PAO2大于50MMHG,,PACO2无明显升高,PH值基本正常。

停机时间:一日内停机总时间超过开机总时间,或一次停机持续2-3小时而无呼吸困难、通气不足或通气过度表现,且血气分析正常。

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    2017-06-18 坚意

    相当感谢,通俗易懂

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=212420, encodeId=c51c2124203e, content=相当感谢,通俗易懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuAmNOo2CIXoPnk6cZJ68uMsIaDYy0g5yRpcBAhXcstenugseD7ZO5ojvfpEtwgSTrD3yibYHRWRD9/0, createdBy=77d72036876, createdName=坚意, createdTime=Sun Jun 18 20:23:46 CST 2017, time=2017-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157848, encodeId=3e9015e84857, content=总结的透彻学习并分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 13:07:02 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1967344, encodeId=0e7a196e3449f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d3e396533e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸机使用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39653, encryptionId=6d3e396533e, topicName=呼吸机使用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Mon Jun 20 19:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65000, encodeId=99dd65000fb, content=太感谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b101689215, createdName=1de53497m25(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Feb 20 23:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61876, encodeId=1aa4618e6a3, content=好。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9801684474, createdName=1de41e0fm11(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jan 28 20:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253241, encodeId=5b25125324161, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=909339652f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸机#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39652, encryptionId=909339652f5, topicName=呼吸机)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Sun Nov 22 05:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-24 大爰

    总结的透彻学习并分享!!

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=212420, encodeId=c51c2124203e, content=相当感谢,通俗易懂, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuAmNOo2CIXoPnk6cZJ68uMsIaDYy0g5yRpcBAhXcstenugseD7ZO5ojvfpEtwgSTrD3yibYHRWRD9/0, createdBy=77d72036876, createdName=坚意, createdTime=Sun Jun 18 20:23:46 CST 2017, time=2017-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157848, encodeId=3e9015e84857, content=总结的透彻学习并分享!!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=100, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200816/e4675a86ea694f12b82202b320dc2654/12f6b900498349e994ce8f516a584d6a.jpg, createdBy=09431951290, createdName=大爰, createdTime=Thu Nov 24 13:07:02 CST 2016, time=2016-11-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1967344, encodeId=0e7a196e3449f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d3e396533e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸机使用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39653, encryptionId=6d3e396533e, topicName=呼吸机使用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Mon Jun 20 19:20:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=65000, encodeId=99dd65000fb, content=太感谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=176, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5b101689215, createdName=1de53497m25(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Feb 20 23:11:00 CST 2016, time=2016-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=61876, encodeId=1aa4618e6a3, content=好。。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=144, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b9801684474, createdName=1de41e0fm11(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Jan 28 20:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253241, encodeId=5b25125324161, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=909339652f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#呼吸机#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39652, encryptionId=909339652f5, topicName=呼吸机)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=726030, createdName=Boyinsh, createdTime=Sun Nov 22 05:20:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-02-20 1de53497m25(暂无匿称)

    太感谢了

    0

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    2016-01-28 1de41e0fm11(暂无匿称)

    好。。

    0

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    2015-11-22 Boyinsh

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