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如何正确使用低浓度阿托品预防近视?

2023-04-22 MedSci原创 MedSci原创 发表于上海

在决定应用低浓度阿托品滴眼液防控近视之前,需要进行规范的临床评估以及危险因素评估。

阿托品药物在近视防控中的应用由来已久,近年来低浓度阿托品滴眼液的应用逐渐受到关注。然而,在决定应用低浓度阿托品滴眼液防控近视之前,需要进行规范的临床评估以及危险因素评估,在使用过程中需要进行严格的随访,并及时处理可能出现的不良反应。

一、阿托品有哪些适应症和禁忌症?

阿托品滴眼液是一种处方药,应该注意药物使用的适应症和禁忌症,绝不能滥用,以免对眼睛产生二次伤害。

1、适应证

1)年龄:年龄为4岁至青春期(青春期一般是 14~17 岁和 18~25 2 个阶段)的近视人群,伴 或不伴散光,目前文献报道使用人群年龄为 4~16 ,对于小于 6 岁的儿童,用药需要更加严格的监控和随访。 18岁以后的青少年,如近视仍 较快进展或用眼负荷仍较大,可考虑适当延长用药时间。

2)近视屈光度和增长量:近视等效球镜度达到或超过 - 0.50 D ,或等效球镜度年增长量达到或超过 0.50 D,或眼轴长度年增长量超过 0.3 mm,其中伴有近视快速进展危险因素(如高度近视家族史 、发病年龄早 、近视初始屈光度高 )的儿童可较早干预。

3)依从性:能理解低浓度阿托品滴眼液的作用机制和实际效果,依从性好,能及时、定期按照要求前往指定机构复诊。

2、禁忌症

对莨菪碱成分过敏、患青光眼或有青光眼倾向(浅前房、房角狭窄等),颅脑外伤、心脏病(特别是心律失常、充血性心力衰竭、冠心病、二尖瓣狭窄)等人群禁用。调节力低下、低色素者(如白化病)等 慎用,部分伴有畏光症状的眼病(如角膜炎)可待痊愈后使用

二、阿托品何时启用和停药?

启用:对于具备用药适应证、经过健康宣教同意使用的儿童和青少年,才可启用,推荐使用方法为每晚睡前1次,每次 1 滴。对应答一般或应答不佳的儿童,可适当调整使用频率或浓度,但需严密随访。

停药:0.01%硫酸阿托品滴眼液一般连续使用三年效果更佳。如果近视进展每年不超过50度,则表示近视进展稳定,三年后可以停止使用,但需要继续观察近视进展情况。如果使用过程中或停药后近视进展每年超过50度,则需继续使用。

三、阿托品有哪些不良反应?

1、阿托品不良反应呈现浓度依赖性,高浓度阿托品可发生面部潮红,口干和皮肤干燥、眼睑皮肤红肿或脱屑、心跳加快或心率不齐、发烧、腹胀、便秘等全身不良反应。

2、调节能力和近视力下降。儿童用药后调节幅度平均下降 2.00~3.00 D ,停药 2~4 个月后恢复如初。 0~4.9% 的儿童用药后 2~4 周可出现轻微的近视力下降现象,后随着时间进展逐渐消退。

3、过敏反应。0.01% 阿托品滴眼液应用过程中过敏反应比较少见,发生率为 0~6.4%,多见于阿托品过敏者,常在阿托品滴眼液应用 2 周内发生,常见症状为眼部瘙痒、灼热,体征为眼睑肿胀和眼周发红等。

对于轻度不良反应,如畏光、近视力下降或者用药后刺激性反应,能耐受者可暂时观察,不予处理,不耐受者可给予相应的对症处理,如畏光可戴遮阳帽、变色眼镜缓解,视近不清晰可通过配戴近附加眼镜或者调节功能训练缓解。

另外,如果出现过敏反应,则应立即停药,一般停药 24 小时后症状减轻,停药 1 周后可恢复,局部适当应用糖皮质激素会加速恢复速度

在近视防控过程中,当一种防控手段效果不佳,可以考虑光学防控手段和药物的联合,光学手段为角膜塑形镜、多焦点软性角膜接触镜、周边离焦矫正眼镜,药物为低浓度阿托品。

参考资料

1,低浓度阿托品滴眼液在儿童青少年近视防控中的 应用专家共识 2022 .中华眼视光学与视觉科学杂志.2022

2,杨晓艳, 李丽华, 王雁. 低浓度阿托品在青少年近视防控中的最新进展[J]. 武警后勤学院学报:医学版, 2021, 30(6):5.

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    2023-04-23 ms2000000702445417 来自湖南省

    学习学习

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127779, encodeId=f492212e77975, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=940a5479132, createdName=ms2000000702445417, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 06:56:20 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127738, encodeId=1720212e73813, content=可以参考, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5bf26472850, createdName=ms2000000147841561, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 21:29:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127725, encodeId=29d4212e72547, content=低浓度阿托品可以用来防控近视!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c6f61758371, createdName=ms8478657145498932, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 20:46:07 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127723, encodeId=ebb1212e7235b, content=不错,学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b08e8469269, createdName=ms4000000512201075, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 20:38:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127707, encodeId=228a212e707bd, content=1"䒑学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnHtEgiaNiaUeanPblicnQPORicamAtCLvWmTKDxxWwF3J99R5MdjnGACh16icoScCeRrNQOibvvPqiaDrA/132, createdBy=83465314460, createdName=八骏奔腾, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 20:06:47 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127702, encodeId=9102212e7029b, content=这个真的可以吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d114843943, createdName=1013100771, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 19:49:22 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-04-22 ms2000000147841561 来自河北省

    可以参考

    0

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    2023-04-22 ms8478657145498932 来自山东省

    低浓度阿托品可以用来防控近视!

    0

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    2023-04-22 ms4000000512201075 来自吉林省

    不错,学习了。

    0

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    2023-04-22 八骏奔腾 来自山东省

    1"䒑学习

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127779, encodeId=f492212e77975, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=940a5479132, createdName=ms2000000702445417, createdTime=Sun Apr 23 06:56:20 CST 2023, time=2023-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127738, encodeId=1720212e73813, content=可以参考, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5bf26472850, createdName=ms2000000147841561, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 21:29:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=河北省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127725, encodeId=29d4212e72547, content=低浓度阿托品可以用来防控近视!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c6f61758371, createdName=ms8478657145498932, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 20:46:07 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127723, encodeId=ebb1212e7235b, content=不错,学习了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b08e8469269, createdName=ms4000000512201075, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 20:38:05 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=吉林省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127707, encodeId=228a212e707bd, content=1"䒑学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKnHtEgiaNiaUeanPblicnQPORicamAtCLvWmTKDxxWwF3J99R5MdjnGACh16icoScCeRrNQOibvvPqiaDrA/132, createdBy=83465314460, createdName=八骏奔腾, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 20:06:47 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2127702, encodeId=9102212e7029b, content=这个真的可以吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2d114843943, createdName=1013100771, createdTime=Sat Apr 22 19:49:22 CST 2023, time=2023-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=山东省)]
    2023-04-22 1013100771 来自山东省

    这个真的可以吗?

    0

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