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MRI在距骨骨软骨损伤中的应用进展

2017-01-05 内蒙古医科大学研究生学院 梁智博 中国骨与关节杂志

距骨骨软骨损伤(OLT)在临床上较为常见,往往引发关节疼痛、积液肿胀,导致关节功能障碍,严重者可致残。OLT好发于20~30岁之间的男性,约10%的患者双侧发病。OLT一般发生在距骨穹隆中部的内侧缘与外侧缘,并且前者损伤的范围、程度均比后者严重。常规X线、CT均不能直观地检查软骨,更不易判断其损伤的范围和程度,所以早期损伤往往被忽视。关节镜虽可直观地观察损伤的软骨,但却是有创检查,检查软骨时视

距骨骨软骨损伤(OLT)在临床上较为常见,往往引发关节疼痛、积液肿胀,导致关节功能障碍,严重者可致残。OLT好发于20~30岁之间的男性,约10%的患者双侧发病。OLT一般发生在距骨穹隆中部的内侧缘与外侧缘,并且前者损伤的范围、程度均比后者严重。常规X线、CT均不能直观地检查软骨,更不易判断其损伤的范围和程度,所以早期损伤往往被忽视。关节镜虽可直观地观察损伤的软骨,但却是有创检查,检查软骨时视野局限,对于软骨下骨受损情况也无法观察。MRI拥有多序列、多平面、多参数成像、软组织对比度及分辨率高等诸多特点,可以做到无创地检查软骨,并能对损伤进行分级。近年来,许多新兴的软骨磁共振技术得到应用,使得关节软骨的研究方向发生改变,关节软骨损伤的检查和评价拥有了更多可选择的方案。


距骨骨软骨生理及病理学


距骨关节软骨是透明软骨,其内缺少血管及淋巴管,损伤后一般不会自愈。关节软骨由大量的细胞外基质(ECM)和少量的软骨细胞构成,而前者主要成分是水、蛋白多糖(PG)及胶原蛋白。按照胶原纤维的排列方式不同,一般将关节软骨由表及里分为4个区域:表浅区(切线层)、中间区(过渡带)、深层区(放射带)及钙化区。精确的OLT病因仍然不是很清楚,但是Li等的研究提到退行性和创伤性关节疾病导致了软骨的损伤。关节软骨发生退变或损伤时,胶原纤维网被破坏,引起PG流失,软骨内自由水增多。退变早期主要表现为PG的大量流失、细胞外基质的松软;退变晚期软骨形态发生改变,一般可以出现水肿、线样改变等。


OLT的MRI分期


1991年,Dipaola等提出了基于MRI的分期:I期,关节软骨增厚,信号减低;II期,关节软骨受损,软骨碎片下见线样低信号;III期,软骨改变与II期相同,软骨碎片下信号增高;IV期,软骨碎片脱落。在此基础上,Hepple等于1999年提出了新的分期系统:1期,提示只有关节软骨损伤;2a期,提示伴有软骨下骨折和骨髓水肿的关节软骨损伤;2b期,除无骨髓水肿外基本与2a期相同;3期,软骨碎片有分离,但无移位;4期,骨软骨碎片分离、移位;5期,关节软骨下囊肿形成。目前,Hepple分期系统是接受及使用最广泛的分期系统。


距骨骨软骨的常规MRI成像序列


自旋回波(SE)及快速自旋回波(FSE/TSE)序列:SE序列信号较稳定,是一个经典的扫描序列,其中T1WI、T2WI是应用最广泛的脉冲序列。T1WI信噪比高,可展示软骨的解剖细节,但受关节积液影响,其对软骨局部缺损的显示不佳。T2WI对于关节软骨表面破损区,特别是有关节积液时显示较好,但仍存在检出率不高以及对软骨下受损骨质显示欠佳的弱点。快速自旋回波序列(FSE/TSE)在一定程度上弱化了运动和磁化伪影对图像的干扰,可较为清楚地显示软骨下骨、韧带等结构。FSE序列图像的空间分辨率高于SE序列,扫描时间也比SE序列短。


梯度回波(GRE)序列:GRE序列使用容积扫描的方法来获得连续薄层图像及高信噪比图像。一般常使用稳态自由进动快速成像(FISP)和三维扰相梯度回波(3D-SPGR)来显示关节软骨。3D-SPGR序列对于软骨破损的检查可与关节镜检查相提并论,是目前用来评价关节软骨形态学常采用的标准序列。将三维成像和脂肪抑制(FS)技术联合起来就产生了脂肪抑制三维扰相梯度回波序列(3D-FS-SPGR)。目前3D-FS-SPGR应用较广泛,在诊断骨性关节炎方面起着重要作用。该序列使得软骨、软骨下骨以及关节液之间的对比噪声比增加,关节软骨同邻近组织的分辨更加清晰。


关节软骨新兴的MRI扫描序列


软骨延迟增强磁共振成像(dGEMRIC):关节软骨内主要成分含有PG,而PG中含有许多带负电荷的GAG,导致PG呈负电荷。关节软骨在退变早期,由于PG的崩解流失,受损关节软骨表面会出现阴性电荷分布的减少,而经静脉注射的磁共振对比剂为阴离子对比剂,两者同性相斥,最终引起对比剂在PG含量相对低的区域内浓聚。目前很多研究已经证实,利用dGEMRIC方法间接分析关节软骨PG含量,可以对关节软骨早期退变做出准确诊断。虽然dGEMRIC具有相当高的分辨率和敏感性等优点,但一方面由于大量对比剂的使用,可能存在一定的安全隐患,如肾源性系统纤维化;另一方面成像时间较长。目前此项技术在临床中的应用并不广泛。


旋转框架内自旋晶格弛豫(T1ρ):T1ρ与dGEMRIC类似,也是通过对软骨PG含量的测定判断软骨受损情况,可对软骨早期的损伤作出判断。Goto等的研究得出,早期退变的关节软骨T1ρ值增高。T1ρ在对关节软骨早期损伤的检查上要比T2mapping更加敏感,所以有必要对临床应用采取进一步探讨。Zhou等采用T1ρ成像对椎间盘的纤维软骨进行分析及评价。图像采集时间短、不需要高磁场、不用造影剂使得T1ρ成像技术拥有一定优势,但是在施加高射频能量时带来的机体组织产生热量成为其技术上的弊端。


T2mapping图像:T2mapping是一项利用多回波SE技术对组织横向磁化衰减进行检测来表达组织特异性的软骨生理成像技术。T2mapping图像不仅可以显示软骨生化成分及软骨微观生化,还可以评估软骨基质状态。


目前,T2mapping主要应用于膝关节等大的承重关节软骨的定量检查,在踝关节主要用于对软骨修复过程进行随访。许多学者认为,将常规MRI序列与T2mapping序列结合起来对关节软骨损伤进行评估,可以明显提高诊断的敏感性。此项技术仍存在一些缺点,如产生“魔角效应”,T2值会受到年龄、体重、运动量等的影响。国外还有学者研究认为,利用T2mapping发现软骨退变的时间较其它检查方法略晚一些。


磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI):DTI与DWI成像原理一致,是通过对水分子弥散方向特征描述的新兴磁共振技术,它通过量化的表观弥散系数(ADC)和弥散各向异性的参数(FA)进一步对关节软骨的微观结构及功能改变情况进行研究。Raya等利用7.0T磁共振的研究证实DTI有助于软骨损伤的分级。虽然DTI具有不被“魔角效应”所干扰、测量数值干扰因素较小等优点,但目前此项技术还不成熟,如软骨胶原纤维走向的各向异性以及弥散率等仍需更深入的研究,并且此项技术还需要高场强和专用线圈来实现对信噪比的提升。


化学交换饱和传递(CEST):CEST是一项利用磁化传递和化学交换原理发展而来,能在非创伤检查下对关节软骨基质成分变化进行检测的磁共振三维梯度回波序列。CEST已有在3.0T和7.0T磁共振上展开应用的研究。但是CEST仍存在技术复杂性和需要复杂的后处理工具等缺点。在临床研究中,此项技术更多的是在膝关节软骨修复策略的影响方面进行。Schmitt等最近采用尸体研究并提出了CEST在踝关节应用的可行性。目前,CEST成像评估关节软骨的临床应用尚不明确。


超短回波时间脉冲序列(UTE):骨骼肌肉重要的组织如骨皮质、肌腱、韧带、半月板及关节软骨的最深层在T2很少产生或没有信号产生,UTE成像能对此类组织进行检测并获得图像。在UTE成像中,软骨呈中等至高信号,软骨深层以及钙化层呈低信号,在高低信号的对比下异常区域得以突出显示。UTE成像可以对骨端的病灶是否侵犯到软骨深层进行判断,还可以对软骨深层和钙化层进行评价。采集时间偏长、层面选择困难等一些技术难题使得此项检查技术的应用受到了一定限制,但UTE成像仍是迄今为止用来显示钙化软骨区令人满意的一种成像方式。


钠成像(23Na-MRI):正常透明软骨富含23Na,23Na带有正电荷,前面已经分析过软骨内PG呈负电荷,根据电中性原理,23Na的含量与PG的含量呈正相关。当关节软骨受损时在PG瓦解流失的范围内,23Na的含量随之减少。Madelin等证明了此项技术在骨性关节炎软骨病变中的诊断价值。Newbould等也通过研究证明了钠成像在3T条件下的可重复性。由于钠成像信噪比较低,需要高配置的MRI设备,此外还要配备专业的接收线圈和特殊的传输设备,并且扫描时间长,所以此项技术仍处于研究阶段。


小结与展望


综上所述,磁共振在关节软骨的检查上具有独特的优势。近些年,更多的研究放在对软骨早期病变的生理磁共振检查上。随着关节软骨MRI技术的不断成熟,将逐步提高骨关节系统影像诊断水平,为骨关节系统特别是距骨软骨损伤或退变的早期发现开辟新的途径。

 

来源:中国骨与关节杂志2016年11月第5卷第11期

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    2017-01-20 lanqier2013

    唉,机器不行,都不能做

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813742, encodeId=dad71813e42cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a71f9355173' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#软骨损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93551, encryptionId=a71f9355173, topicName=软骨损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/vLodSSFTQLpHtfwJicWJibSWH7pbiauxvpCMvQIv0N9Oes8vHkDkCIW2HNDkt7icUq3RCZiaDcHR9Rap17fFySRbiaFg/132, createdBy=9f202500205, createdName=ms3297076796458174, createdTime=Mon Sep 25 09:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1985687, encodeId=1b48198568e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edfd10189185' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨软骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101891, encryptionId=edfd10189185, topicName=骨软骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f2c2500194, createdName=446798725_87912765, createdTime=Sat Jul 15 20:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=171590, encodeId=49341e15904c, content=唉,机器不行,都不能做, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/11/ce1bc4920c50e96957ffb024a4bf7ef9.jpeg, createdBy=a03b2011554, createdName=lanqier2013, createdTime=Fri Jan 20 13:25:42 CST 2017, time=2017-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011109, encodeId=afc920111094a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db1d493546d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#应用进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49354, encryptionId=db1d493546d, topicName=应用进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e183245, createdName=Eleven11, createdTime=Fri Jun 02 03:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1397116, encodeId=af35139e116b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56543, encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Sat Jan 07 12:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=168528, encodeId=828b1685286b, content=内容不错,己拜读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Jan 07 11:16:20 CST 2017, time=2017-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813742, encodeId=dad71813e42cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a71f9355173' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#软骨损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93551, encryptionId=a71f9355173, topicName=软骨损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/vLodSSFTQLpHtfwJicWJibSWH7pbiauxvpCMvQIv0N9Oes8vHkDkCIW2HNDkt7icUq3RCZiaDcHR9Rap17fFySRbiaFg/132, createdBy=9f202500205, createdName=ms3297076796458174, createdTime=Mon Sep 25 09:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1985687, encodeId=1b48198568e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=edfd10189185' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨软骨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101891, encryptionId=edfd10189185, topicName=骨软骨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4f2c2500194, createdName=446798725_87912765, createdTime=Sat Jul 15 20:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=171590, encodeId=49341e15904c, content=唉,机器不行,都不能做, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/11/ce1bc4920c50e96957ffb024a4bf7ef9.jpeg, createdBy=a03b2011554, createdName=lanqier2013, createdTime=Fri Jan 20 13:25:42 CST 2017, time=2017-01-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2011109, encodeId=afc920111094a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=db1d493546d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#应用进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49354, encryptionId=db1d493546d, topicName=应用进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e183245, createdName=Eleven11, createdTime=Fri Jun 02 03:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1397116, encodeId=af35139e116b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56543, encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Sat Jan 07 12:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=168528, encodeId=828b1685286b, content=内容不错,己拜读。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zMoyicyo6ia9f4IuLQAwZoxD6Hx4ibd5CMcOCYhStY6oDibbKK6O2X8iaicldO5ib8j1iapOIobIKCGiczU2A/0, createdBy=56251941490, createdName=虈亣靌, createdTime=Sat Jan 07 11:16:20 CST 2017, time=2017-01-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-07 虈亣靌

    内容不错,己拜读。

    0

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