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Nature:被误诊了30年,基因测序终于确诊了这种病

2016-09-21 佚名 生物探索

导语:近日,Nature刊登了一篇题为《Diagnosis: A clear answer》的文章,讲述了基因测序如何让一个被误诊30年的女性得到了确诊。在基因测序结果的指导下,她服用了靶向特定突变的药物,病情得到了缓解。经过了30年误诊后,Elizabeth Davis接受了外显子测序,最终疾病得到了确诊,并接受有效的治疗方案30年求医都没有得到确诊故事的主人公名叫Elizabeth Dav

导语:近日,Nature刊登了一篇题为《Diagnosis: A clear answer》的文章,讲述了基因测序如何让一个被误诊30年的女性得到了确诊。在基因测序结果的指导下,她服用了靶向特定突变的药物,病情得到了缓解。



经过了30年误诊后,Elizabeth Davis接受了外显子测序,最终疾病得到了确诊,并接受有效的治疗方案

30年求医都没有得到确诊

故事的主人公名叫Elizabeth Davis,在六岁时,她的走路姿势突然发生了变化——依赖脚趾来行走,从此开启了她漫长的求医之路。随着时间推移,她开始出现了其他神秘的症状,包括足部疼痛、下肢无力、手臂周期性无力以及声音低沉;走路时,她的膝盖会黏连在一起,脚趾蜷缩在脚下方;成年时,她连简单的事情都做不了。

在过去的时间里,Davis一直在求医。从九岁起,她就接受了四次骨科手术以延长脚跟的肌腱;神经学家也对她进行大脑和脊椎磁共振成像(MRI),但都没能确诊病因;在她30岁时,一位医生提议说这可能是大脑性瘫痪,后来她就被诊断为遗传性痉孪性截瘫。但所有的这些诊断都没有一个肯定答案。如今40岁的Davis已经是两个男孩的妈妈,她说,“我只是想确切地知道自己到底患了什么病,但没有人能告诉我。”

基因测序让真相大白

最终,在2012年,Davis参加了北卡罗莱纳大学的一个试验,科学家们对其血液样本进行了外显子测序。经过了30年的等待,她的疾病根源终于真相大白:GCH1基因发生了突变。该突变意味着她可能对一种名叫左旋多巴的药物有反应,该药物为大脑提供多巴胺,对帕金森患者有帮助。服用药物三天后,她感觉自己的脚趾可以伸开了,两个月后,她终于可以在无人陪伴的情况下走进诊室。

这个故事表明,下一代测序有可能改变很多人的生活。随着技术的发展,成本不断下降,人们比以往更能负担得起它所带来的费用。下一代测序在罕见病诊断上也有了很大的进展,给患者解答了多年来的谜团。但是,北卡罗来纳大学的遗传学家James Evans强烈要求人们要谨慎。Davis案例的完整解决方案使其成为该领域内十分罕见的一个例子,因为该领域有很大的不确定性,如何解释“浩瀚”的遗传代码中出现的小小异常信号,这非常困难。即使当能作出明确的诊断时,医生也可能找不到任何的应对措施。

“然而有时一个诊断就足够了”,多伦多儿童医院的遗传学家Christian Marshall说,“有大量的患者经历了年复一年的检查,但如果进行这类检测,可能就得到了答案,它有可能是冒险性诊断的一个终结。”

基因测序与罕见病诊断

破解代码

从上个世纪60年代开始,科学家们就开始对一些遗传异常进行DNA筛查,包括与苯丙酮尿症、唐氏综合征以及囊性纤维化相关的基因异常,但2003年人类基因组测序完成之后,便有个另一个令人兴奋的新可能。科学家们可以通过阅读个体的所有DNA来寻找异常信号,而不是像之前那样寻找与疾病相关的已知突变。通过与健康个体的DNA序列相比较,科学家们可以找出之前未知的异常代码,这些异常或许可以用来解释疾病的症状,而传统的遗传试验无法达到这一点。

随着测序的速度越来越快,价格越来越便宜,阅读生命说明书(DNA)渐渐变成了现实,而像Davis这样的患者可能是测序技术的第一类受益者。测序在视力丧失、神经发育延迟以及儿童急性病的诊断中特别有价值,当对患者的父母也进行测序时,诊断成功率将会更高(从40%上升到75%)。

“对于一些病例,测序要远远优于旧形式的遗传分析”,Marshall说。他通过对100名儿童进行基因检测,发现全基因组测序能产生34%的诊断成功率,而传统的染色体微阵列分析和靶向目标测序的诊断成功率仅为13%。

根据Global Genes统计,全球大约有3.5亿人患有罕见病,其中一半是儿童,约有80%的属于遗传疾病。哈佛医学院分子遗传学家 Heidi Rehm说,“到目前为止,成千上万的外显子和基因组已经被测序,通过这种方式,成千上万的患者得到了诊断。”

她说,“有时诊断会导致一个人的整个生命都发生了变化,甚至还可以带来挽救生命的治疗方案。”当医生发现多个不同的患者患有相同的症状时,他们将越来越有能力为这种疾病进行定义,从而帮助后续的患者更迅速地找到答案。

Evans说,“全基因组测序为疾病诊断领域带来了巨大的飞跃。”

突变的意义

尽管成功的案例不断呈现,但多达75%的遗传性疾病疑似病例未能得到答案,即使测序也没能成功确诊。其中一个原因是仅仅能够阅读代码是不够的,解释代码才是关键。不同的实验室对同个基因会有互相矛盾的分析结果。在最近一项研究中,9个实验室对99个遗传变异进行分析,但只有三分之一的分析结果一致,经过讨论和再次审查,分析结果的一致性有所上升,但也仅为70%。

为何对基因的分析结果难以达到共识?“其中一个原因是遗传变异太常见。一个典型的基因包含了数以百计的变异,有些变异可能对健康没有任何影响。有些疾病可能是多个基因变异相互作用的结果,这种作用可能经常被算法所遗漏”,威康信托基金会桑格研究所遗传学家 Matthew Hurles说。 Hurles目前正引领一个关于破解发育障碍的项目,该项目分析了1400个家庭中未确诊重症儿的外显子。他说,“即使当一个单一变异能解释疾病,也还需要进行统计调查、分析数据以及开展临床试验,以提供最终的确诊。”

为了寻找基因突变的意义,如今科学家们正在努力编译大数据集并鼓励数据共享。例如,基于桑格研究院的英国数据库——DECIPHER编译了18000个案例,发表了1000多篇论文,这些案例来自世界各地的250个学术中心。

在美国,有一个用于评估基因变异的临床相关性的数据库ClinGen,它由美国国立卫生研究院资助。如今ClinGen数据库、DECIPHER数据库和其他数据集通过一个称为Matchmaker Exchange的中央中枢相连起来。研究人员花了三年的时间才成功搭建了这些基础设施, Hurles说,“为了充分利用这些数据,我们需要发明大量的信息流程和程序。”

同时研究人员正试图弄清楚当测序发现一些与医疗无关的变异时该作何处理。例如,对一个发育迟缓的儿童进行测试,可能会发现一些比常规更高的乳腺癌或早发性阿尔兹海默症风险,这种二次结果的发生概率大约只有1%。Rehm说,“如何与患者分享这些结果,它将给家庭带来哪些创伤?”

Rehm 说,“没有医学遗传学家的协助,医生也可以将该技术融入到常规的临床护理中。”目前她正在实施一个名为medseq的项目,该项目是一个包含医生和患者的随机临床试验,旨在开发可靠的程序来传达测序结果。该项目表明,即使医生不是遗传学的专家,他们也可以理解测序结果并传达给病人。“问题的所在是医生是否会安排所有的测试以及错误的解释信息,而我们目前还未发现该问题。”

将诊断转为治疗仍然是正在发展的领域,但大多数得到答案的患者发现自己处在不确定的状态,他们所患的是新发现的疾病,没有人有能力指导该如何治疗。然而许多患者表示诊断仍然给他们带来了一定的喜悦,尤其是在经历多年的求医之后。通过分子诊断,患者可能会了解到他们的基因突变是遗传的还是后天形成的,这样一来能为家庭提供很有价值的信息。

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    2017-03-26 liye789132251
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    2016-09-23 187清风

    基因测序

    0

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    2016-09-23 明天会更好!

    己学习!

    0

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    2016-09-22 大旺旺

    学习了啊

    0

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    2016-09-22 医张生

    革命性的突飞猛进的医学新时代是不是来临了

    0

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    2016-09-22 刘煜

    学习了谢谢。

    0

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    2016-09-21 为啥子

    精确医学

    0

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    2016-09-21 忠诚向上

    好好看下

    0

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