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王燕教授:纵览EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC治疗,优化患者管理

2020-04-14 佚名 肿瘤资讯

EGFR突变是中国晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者最常见的驱动基因,其包括19外显子缺失突变(19del)和21外显子L858R点突变(21L858R)等常见突变,也包括20外显子插入突变等罕见突变

EGFR突变是中国晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者最常见的驱动基因,其包括19外显子缺失突变(19del)和21外显子L858R点突变(21L858R)等常见突变,也包括20外显子插入突变等罕见突变。随着研究证据的积累,我们发现,不同突变类型患者接受EGFR TKI治疗的疗效以及患者的预后有所差异,需要区别对待。

精准治疗时代,EGFR 19del、21L858R突变和少见突变NSCLC患者需要区分对待

对于EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者,目前的治疗方式非常丰富,包括3个一代,2个二代以及2个三代EGFR TKI药物。对于这部分患者,如何选择一线治疗,如何进行全程管理,是大家非常关注的问题。越来越多的数据表明,EGFR不同突变类型的患者,其对不同药物的疗效以及预后不尽相同,需要区别对待。这些不同的突变,对药物的敏感性不同,对其进行区别,有助于指导患者的后续治疗和管理。对于19del和L858R突变患者来说,一、二、三代EGFR TKI治疗都是敏感的,但随着我们对疗效的预期越来越高,我们发现19del和21L858R对EGFR TKI的疗效存在一些差异,这两类患者的预后也有所不同。疗效的差异更多的是源于突变本身的性质,即不同突变位点的EGFR激酶功能区域不同。所以现在,我们更倾向于将19del和21L858R作为两种不同的疾病亚型来管理。从近期比较关注的几个临床研究来看,包括FLAURA研究(奥希替尼 vs 吉非替尼/厄洛替尼)、ARCHER 1050研究(达可替尼 vs 吉非替尼)、CTONG 1509研究(贝伐珠单抗联合厄洛替尼,即A+T方案 vs 厄洛替尼单药),以及INCREASE研究(埃克替尼加倍剂量 vs 常规剂量治疗21L858R),这些研究数据告诉我们19del和 21L858R突变患者应该区别对待,并就治疗方案为我们提供了一些参考。

对于19del患者,在既往评估第一或第二代EGFR TKI单药治疗疗效的研究中,19del的获益都较好,在此基础之上,三代TKI的疗效更上一层楼,相比一代TKI延长了患者总体生存。基于FLAURA研究的结果,临床逐渐尝试奥希替尼一线治疗的模式。但在亚洲人群和21L858R突变亚组中,目前的TKI单药还没有能够为L858R提供解决方案。这就引起了我们对于21L858R突变患者更多的关注,探索是否存在更好的治疗策略。

而刚刚提到的其他三项研究数据,可以给我们一些补充。在CTONG 1509研究中,A+T方案对比厄洛替尼单药具有显着的无进展生存(PFS)优势,达到18.0个月,降低疾病进展风险45%,特别对于L858R突变的患者,A+T模式扭转了既往单药治疗的劣势,同时不良反应可控可管理。在ARCHER 1050研究中,对于21L858R患者,达可替尼相比吉非替尼具有一定优势。在INCREASE研究中,专门针对21L858R突变,埃克替尼加量对比常规剂量有PFS优势。因此,对于21L858R突变患者而言,虽然FLAURA研究并没有观察到奥希替尼明显的优势,但A+T方案,达可替尼和埃克替尼加量这三种方式似乎都是可选的治疗策略。在这三种治疗方式中,A+T方案的PFS最长,达到了19.5个月,是目前针对L858R人群中PFS最长的治疗方案。总生存时间(OS)方面,ARCHER 1050研究中OS没有获益,而CTONG 1509研究尚未公布OS结果,期待后续随访数据。而INCREASE研究是一项Ⅱ期临床研究,期待后续Ⅲ期临床研究的验证。

对于少见突变患者,目前数据比较多的是阿法替尼,如S768I、G719X、L861Q等少见突变,都对阿法替尼相对敏感。2019年发表的一项研究数据显示,奥希替尼对这些少见突变也有一定疗效。在众多的少见突变中,20外显子插入突变的治疗比较困难,其对一、二、三代EGFR TKI治疗的效果都不太好,目前针对20外显子插入突变患者,已经开展了一些新药研究。在今后的EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者管理中,我们需要进一步优化检测方法,除了检测常见突变,还应该覆盖更广,检测是否存在少见突变和共存突变,因为有研究发现,一些共存突变也会影响患者接受EGFR TKI治疗的疗效。

总体而言,关于EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者的最佳治疗选择,目前并没有唯一的答案。在具体制定方案时,需要考虑患者的治疗意愿以及治疗期待,兼顾基础疾病后进行综合考虑。同时,还要考虑当地的医保政策。目前,可供选择的药物越来越多,研究数据也层出不穷,为治疗决策提供基础的同时,也要求治疗方案更为细化。

A+T在21L858R突变NSCLC患者中取得目前最长无进展生存,未来可期

对于EGFR突变阳性晚期NSCLC患者,我们确实看到不同突变位点的患者对药物的疗效不同,这就激发我们对治疗效果欠佳的21L858R突变亚组,进行更多的探索。

目前而言,A+T模式在21L858R突变患者中可以取得最好的PFS。对于这类共存突变发生率更高、使用EGFR TKI单药效果不好的患者,联合治疗可能是更好的模式。联合模式除了A+T模式以外,也可以联合其他药物,比如EGFR TKI联合化疗或其他,这是我们探索的方向。需要指出的是,当EGFR TKI和化疗联合时,不良反应会增加,多数人由于惧怕化疗,可能会影响治疗的进行,并最终影响疗效。与之相比,A+T模式更符合患者的心理预期。就经济花费上而言,A+T方案中的两个药物都已经纳入医保,患者无需过于担心。虽然两药联用可能会增加不良反应,影响患者的耐受性,但从目前的数据来看,对于L858R突变患者选择A+T联合治疗,耐受性尚可,总体不良反应可控。

未来,我们还有非常多的探索空间。第一,我们在CTONG 1509研究中已经看到了A+T的PFS优势,其OS是否也有优势?我们期待后续更长时间的随访报道。第二,患者使用A+T的耐药机制,是否和既往厄洛替尼单药的耐药机制相同呢?目前认为,患者后续仍以T790M耐药突变为主,肿瘤在经过治疗后可能表现出更多的均一性,更有利于后续的耐药后治疗。这也需要后续更多的研究来验证。另外,在一些EGFR少见突变方面,是否也可以进行A+T治疗模式的探索。

 

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    2020-04-16 liuyiping
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    2020-04-14 肿肿

    NSCLC下一步突破在于新靶点了,靶向治疗和免疫治疗基本见顶了,再有新的就需要新机制了

    0

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