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10个开始被嘲笑但最后却成为常规的医学突破(上)

2015-12-01 Seven L 译 MedSci原创

经验一定就是对的吗?不是的。背离传统智慧的遐想就一定是错的吗?不是的。实践才是检验真理的唯一标准。不可置疑当今生物医学的发展是飞速的,然后一蹴而就的成功或突破鲜有,几乎每一个广泛应用的医疗准则背后都充满了否认、失败、错误、嘲笑等,这一切也为走向成功铺上了基石。荒诞的想法并不可怕,被人嘲笑并不可怕;如果大家都能理解也就不能称为突破或成功,顶多是常识;一个人或少数人的战斗是很孤独,还需要不断的实践

经验一定就是对的吗?不是的。
背离传统智慧的遐想就一定是错的吗?不是的。
正如邓小平主席所说——实践才是检验真理的唯一标准!!!

无可置疑,当今生物医学的发展是飞速的,一蹴而就的成功或突破却鲜有,几乎每一个广泛应用的医疗准则背后都充满了否认、失败、错误、嘲笑等,这一切也为他们走向成功铺上了基石。荒诞的想法并不可怕,被人嘲笑并不可怕;如果大家都能理解也就不能被称为突破,顶多是常识;一个人或少数人的战斗是很孤独,但仍需要不断的实践、犯错、反思、改进。


任何一个离奇的想法或突破都应该得到尊重,而不是嘲笑。以下是Medscap网站近日推出10个生物医学史上典型科学家的坎坷的研究历史。

一、洗手消毒常规

Ignaz Semmelweis的想法曾经被人嘲笑无数,如今却成了医疗常规。


19世纪中叶在维也纳产科病房工作的Semmelweis发现产褥热是可以传播的!医生和实习生对死于产褥热的产妇尸解后,又直接接触病房里的孕产妇,导致了“尸体颗粒”这种感染因子的传播。Semmelweis提议尸解应清洗双手;在该建议实施的不到6个月时间,产褥热死亡率下降了90%,从18.3%下降到2%。

尽管该提议得到了很好的效果,但是却被医学界主体所拒绝、否认。Semmelweis坚信洗手消毒可拯救成千上万的生命,应被广泛应用。他使用公开信的方式对质疑者否认者进行批评,然而效果甚微。最终他被关进疯人院遭到毒打,2周后去世。

二、新生儿恒温箱

你们知道美国最早使用新生儿恒温箱是什么地方吗?是游乐园!不可思议吧。


19世纪晚期法国医生Stéphane Étienne Tarnier提出新生儿恒温箱,并在欧洲进行推广和使用;他的学生Martin Arthur Couney拟打算将恒温箱引入美国,但是遭到了美国医疗机构无情的拒绝。最后Couney只能将恒温箱放在纽约康尼岛的月神公园。Couney对观看恒温箱内新生儿的游客收取25美分的“门票”,在给新生儿保暖监护的同时,还赚到了新生儿的医疗费用,这样他们的父母就不需用支付使用费用。

Couney摆在公园里的这些恒温箱,据估计40多年时间里共治疗了约8000名新生儿,拯救了约6500条小生命。在距离Couney公园设立恒温箱的36年后,也就是1939年,纽约医院创办了第一个官方的早产儿培训和研究中心。Couney于1950年离世,他对恒温箱在美国的广泛应用功不可没。

三、经皮冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)

Grüntzig于1976年在美国心脏病学年会上第一次提出“经皮冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)”设想时,得到了全球著名导管插入专家Spencer King明确的回复:“这不可能”。


不管别人怎么劝说这不可行,Grüntzig从来没有放弃,执着的专注于这一个想法,不断的实践、失败、再实践。1977年美国心脏病学年会,距离提出该想法仅1年时间,他在汇报中展示了4例PTCA成功案例。汇报结束时,会场响起雷鸣般掌声。

再看当今PTCA已经成为了国际公认的治疗冠心病的主要介入方法之一。有数据表明,2011年美国PTCA占外科手术的3.6%,仅次于剖腹产、包皮环切术和全膝置换术。

四、病毒和癌症

“逆转录病毒导致癌症”,这种观点虽然现如今是得到了公认,但是在1911年无疑会遭到强烈的质疑和争议,那时候的Peyton Rous因为该理论的提出导致了其接下来的20年退出了逆转录病毒和癌症的研究工作。



那个年代对显微镜的研究都不够深入,更别说对病毒的了解了,更是少之又少。该理论的反对者认为逆转录病毒(Rous肉瘤病毒)导致的仅仅是炎症反应或肉芽肿,而不是真正意义上的肿瘤。

60年后美国生物学家Peter Duesberg和Peter Vogt在Rous的理论上发现了第一个病毒致癌基因v-src,才使得Rous的研究和理论得到肯定。1989年 J. Michael Bishop和Harold Varmus因发现原癌基因而获得诺贝尔奖。而Rous则在提出理论后55年(1966年)诺贝尔奖。

五、幽门螺杆菌(HP)

“所有人都反对我,但是我知道我是对的。”——Barry Marshall


20世纪80年代中期Barry Marshall提出“细菌导致溃疡”,而不是“传统智慧或常识”所认为的压力、辛酸辣食物等造成溃疡。

古今中外对传统的挑战无疑是最难的,提出光怪陆离的想法最多被人嘲笑、被人说是疯子,挑战传统则是在向部分人的信仰宣战。

为了证明自己理论的正确人,Marshall以身试法,喝下了有无数细菌的培养液(包括幽门螺杆菌)。此等壮举世上有几人可,唯神农尝百草与之媲美。

一周后Marshall出现呕吐等一些列炎症标准,胃黏膜活检提示严重损伤。因此Marshall认为感染与溃疡有关。

2005年Marshall获得诺贝尔奖。他在传记中写到自己曾经壮举——“如果我是对的,对溃疡的认识和治疗将发生翻天覆地的变化;溃疡将是简单、便宜、可治愈的疾病。为了患者,为了研究,我认为这种牺牲是值得的。”

更多精彩内容,请期待“10个最初被嘲笑但最后却成为常规的医学突破(下)”。

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    2015-12-27 hixiaoluo

    好文章,值得收藏

    0

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    2015-12-02 lovejing

    献身精神

    0

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    2015-12-02 lyh994

    实践出真知

    0

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    2015-12-02 De_dzw

    长知识

    0

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    2015-12-01 wumwuy

    敢于坚持真理的人,才是最后的胜利者

    0

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    2015-12-01 老段

    实践才是检验真理的唯一标准!!!

    0

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    2015-12-01 老段

    实践才是检验真理的唯一标准

    0

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    2015-12-01 1ddf23d5m57(暂无匿称)

    敢于幻想,才能成功

    0

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    2015-12-01 1ddf23d5m57(暂无匿称)

    敢于幻想,才有成功

    0

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    2015-12-01 三三五五

    长见识了,谢谢!

    0

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