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2018 CSCO:ALK阳性非小细胞肺癌治疗,如何排兵布阵?

2018-09-26 贾刚 河南省人民医院 医学界肿瘤频道

9月21日的CSCO大会上,来自上海肺科医院的周彩存教授分享了题目为“ALK阳性NSCLC治疗进展:一代、二代、三代”的报告,详细为大家讲解了近年来在ALK阳性NSCLC领域靶向治疗的演变和现状。

9月21日的CSCO大会上,来自上海肺科医院的周彩存教授分享了题目为“ALK阳性NSCLC治疗进展:一代、二代、三代”的报告,详细为大家讲解了近年来在ALK阳性NSCLC领域靶向治疗的演变和现状。


ALK阳性NSCLC发病情况和临床特点

周彩存教授首先回顾了ALK阳性NSCLC的发病情况和临床特点: ALK阳性约见于5%的晚期NSCLC患者,在不同种族中无明显差别,虽然占比不高,但是由于庞大的NSCLC人群基数,每年新确诊的ALK阳性NSCLC病例仍在75000人以上。

临床上,ALK阳性NSCLC多见于具有以下临床特征的患者:非鳞癌,年轻、女性,从不吸烟或曾经吸烟者,无EGFR或KRAS突变者。

研究表明,相对于EGFR突变型或野生型的NSCLC,ALK阳性NSCLC预后更差,传统的含铂双药化疗方案或者EGFR-TKI的有效率均较低。因此开发针对ALK通路的靶向药物就显得尤为重要,ALK抑制剂因此应运而生。


ALK通路药物发展简史

接下来周教授简要介绍了ALK通路药物的发展简史。从2007年EML4-ALK融合基因首次在NSCLC中被发现,到2011年FDA批准首个ALK抑制剂克唑替尼用于进展期ALK阳性NSCLC,揭开了ALK抑制剂治疗肺癌的序幕。

截至目前,已经有三代ALK抑制剂相继投入临床应用,分别是:第一代的克唑替尼、第二代的色瑞替尼、艾乐替尼、布加替尼及第三代的劳拉替尼,三代药物对酪氨酸激酶域的结合模式有所不同,由此造成对ALK的耐药突变的敏感性不同。下面分别来介绍一下这三代抑制剂的前世今生。

一代ALK-TKI

Profile1014和Profile1029研究表明,作为首个针对ALK+NSCLC的靶向治疗药物,克唑替尼相较于传统化疗,显著延长无进展生存期(PFS),总生存期(OS)有延长趋势,以此奠定了其在ALK阳性肺癌治疗领域的地位。

随着临床应用的增多,人们逐渐发现,克唑替尼治疗的NSCLC患者虽然拥有较长的PFS,但随着生存期的延长,脑转移的发生率也较高。

这主要是因为克唑替尼作为P-糖蛋白的底物,很容易被主动外排作用排出,无法跨过血脑屏障达到在颅内控制肿瘤所需的暴露量,中枢神经系统因此成为肿瘤生长的避难所。

研究表明,克唑替尼在CSF中的浓度仅为血浆浓度的1/385,因此脑转移成为克唑替尼最常见的失败原因,近半数(46%)的治疗失败首先表现为脑转移。

在安全性方面,克唑替尼的视觉障碍、腹泻和3/4级转氨酶升高的发生率较高,尤其在亚裔人群中,腹泻、呕吐、粒缺及转氨酶升高、间质性肺炎的发生率均较非亚裔更高,因此永久停药的比例也更高。

二代ALK-TKI

ASCEND系列研究显示,色瑞替尼相较化疗(培美曲塞+顺铂或培美曲塞+卡铂)可显著延长PFS,同时延长脑转移的发生时间,但对脑转移人群的疗效仍然较为局限,最终治疗失败的主要原因仍然是脑转移的发生,其具体机制和克唑替尼相似。

另一个二代ALK-TKI的明星药物——阿来替尼则表现优异。ALEX研究结果(截至2017年12月1日)显示,相对于一代的克唑替尼,阿来替尼将PFS从10.9个月延长至34.8个月,缓解时间明显延长,缓解深度(肿瘤缩小程度)也更高。

尤为值得一提的是,阿来替尼由于不是P-gp底物,药物浓度具有更高的脑-血浆比,因此阿来替尼能够有效延缓ALK阳性患者脑转移的发生,且无论治疗前是否有脑转移存在。

另一个值得一提的二代ALK-TKI是布加替尼。ALTA临床研究显示,一线克唑替尼治疗后病情进展的ALK+NSCLC,二线换用布加替尼治疗仍然可以获得较长的疾病缓解期,其中90mg 序贯180mg剂量组缓解期延长更明显。

进一步研究发现,对于克唑替尼最常发生的脑转移,布加替尼两个浓度组均能显著降低脑转移的发生率,显示了良好的控制颅内病灶的能力。

三代ALK-TKI

和EGFR-TKI一样,ALK抑制剂也不得不面对的一个问题是用药一段时间后出现耐药。

从耐药机制分析来看,三代ALK抑制剂劳拉替尼能够涵盖几乎所有的耐药突变位点,因此可用于一二代耐药后的治疗,尤其对于一代克唑替尼治疗失败后的挽救治疗,ORR可达69%;对于以颅内转移为主要表现的治疗失败病例也同样表现优异。

而对于二代ALK抑制剂或者两种以上ALK抑制剂治疗失败的NSCLC,劳拉替尼的疗效虽然没有那么高,但也达到了33%-39%的ORR,明显高于其他治疗手段,尤其对脑转移的挽救治疗效果显著。

深入研究其作用机制发现,劳拉替尼临床可及剂量可抑制几乎所有单一ALK突变,尤其对于一、二代ALK抑制剂均容易发生耐药的位点 G1202R基因突变疗效显著。

总结

综上所述,目前上市的ALK抑制剂可以显著延长患者生存期,已经让ALK阳性NSCLC走向慢性病管理时代。

如何对现有的药物进行合理的排兵布阵,以发挥药物的最大疗效,给患者带来最大的获益和经济效益比,成为值得关注的课题。

根据既往的研究结果,目前获得PFS比较长的药物选择有:1)克唑替尼序贯色瑞替尼(16.3个月);2)克唑替尼序贯布加替尼(27.6个月);3)色瑞替尼(16.6个月);4)阿来替尼(34.8个月)。

由于以上数据都是不同研究的横向对比,目前尚缺乏头对头的直接比较,而且现实世界中还需考虑药物可及性及性价比的问题,因此关于用药的最佳顺序仍是仁者见仁智者见智的事情,需要进行更多的研究来回答。

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    2018-12-04 xjy02

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