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神经生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在周围神经修复应用中的研究进展

2017-02-08 中华神经外科杂志 中华神经外科杂志

本文经《中华医学杂志》社有限责任公司授权,仅限于非商业应用。作者:陈琳,张玉琪,左焕琮,清华大学玉泉医院神经外科中心周围神经损伤是临床常见的致残性疾病,全世界每年新增1~1.5例/千万创伤病例中,周围神经损伤占1.5%~4.0%。我国每年新增60~90万例周围神经损伤病例。与中枢神经系统相比,周围神经结构较简单,也比较容易再生。但周围神经修复的程度和速度,仍是目前治疗的难

本文经《中华医学杂志》社有限责任公司授权,仅限于非商业应用。

作者:陈琳,张玉琪,左焕琮,清华大学玉泉医院神经外科中心

周围神经损伤是临床常见的致残性疾病,全世界每年新增1~1.5例/千万创伤病例中,周围神经损伤占1.5%~4.0%。我国每年新增60~90万例周围神经损伤病例。与中枢神经系统相比,周围神经结构较简单,也比较容易再生。但周围神经修复的程度和速度,仍是目前治疗的难点。

周围神经损伤后再生轴突的延伸,依赖于多种神经营养因子,其中神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)最具代表性,例如NGF既能帮助受损的外周神经轴突再生,也可促进血管生成。但这些因子在体内降解迅速,半衰期短,维持治疗剂量非常困难,并且在非神经组织中,表现出非特异性的效应,故在神经损伤部位如何有效使用因子及局部控制性释放,仍具有挑战性。

1.NGF:目前组合2~3种因子与各型神经导管复合应用的研究,是周围神经再生修复的一个重要方向。

(1)局部应用:局部应用NGF能刺激神经再生。NGF有助于更多数量的轴突、更厚的髓鞘及较大直径更成熟的神经再生。NGF还具有可加强硅胶管桥接的效果,利于运动神经再生。

(2)持续释放:NGF持续长时间段内以受控的方式释放,是提高再生效果的必由之路。局部注射受控释放的NGF微球,能提高周围神经再生跨越短神经间隙的能力。Lee等应用肝素来固定NGF,使用纤维蛋白基质减缓其扩散,其结果显示,轴突再生有剂量依赖性作用。体外实验显示,加入肝素的血纤维蛋白凝胶,可降低NGF的释放速率,缓慢释放长达14 d。有研究采用培养的PCI2细胞形态学变化进行评估,与NGF以游离形式每日加入到培养基中的给药方式相比,NGF由纤维蛋白凝胶释放的给药方式,PCI2细胞的存活率和分化程度更高。Pfister等构建了多层体系,在聚电解质海藻酸钠/壳聚糖复合物上涂布聚丙交酯-共-乙交酯来控制嵌入的NGF释放,每天以纳克水平持续释放。

(3)与导管复合应用:许多研究者构建不同材料和内部结构的导管,复合应用NGF,获得较好的结果。纤维连接蛋白导管,可帮助NGF靶向释放。浸渍纤维连接蛋白的NGF神经导管已成功地应用于大鼠神经再生模型。单独使用导管,在灵长类动物模型周围神经缺损中,显示有促进再生的能力;局部供给NGF,则可进一步增强神经再生。

采用NGF+肝素聚硅氧烷神经导管修复,NGF的结合部位是肝素中具有中等亲和力的双结构域的肽,证实NGF能增加神经纤维的直径。可生物降解聚乳酸/硫酸软骨素/壳聚糖神经导管具有良好的生物相容性和机械性能,可使用碳二亚胺固定NGF到神经导管。Liu等采用聚(乳酸-己内酯)复合NGF神经活性修复导管。Yu等成功建立了用于神经修复持续给药的NGF载体,与脱细胞神经移植物联合使用。他们将含有NGF的聚合物微球,用纤维蛋白胶固定复合在去细胞后的神经移植物上。

京尼平交联明胶亦是一种有应用前景的载体,制备高浓度并可长期释放的NGF体系,有助于长距离神经缺损的再生。Wang等构建一种壳聚糖基复合神经导管,其上的NGF是通过京尼平交联固化。NGF依浓度梯度进入导管,在周围神经损伤修复中至关重要。采用NGF浓度梯度的新型支架,可显著发挥其促进神经再生的作用。将NGF/丝素蛋白吸附、NGF固定化膜及纳米纤维神经导管相结合,可获得NGF梯度释放。

2.bFGF:近年来的研究证实,bFGF及其受体在周围神经系统中具有重要的生理作用。bFGF及其受体在背根神经节和周围神经表达,当背根神经节和周围神经损伤后,在近端和远端神经残段显示表达上调。在生理情况下,bFGF主要是由神经节神经元表达;而在神经病变的损伤部位,随着雪旺细胞和巨噬细胞的侵入,成为bFGF及其受体1-3表达的主要细胞来源。

(1)生理学和药理学作用:内源性合成的bFGF可以通过调节雪旺细胞的增殖、轴突和髓鞘的再生,影响早期周围神经再生。其有助于轴突直径的扩大,并增加较粗的轴突的数量。外源性给予bFGF,可保护神经元损伤诱发的细胞凋亡,增强各种类型神经元在体外的存活,促进轴突再生和延长。bFGF不仅有利于横断的面神经内的血管再生,也可作为面神经再生过程中的神经营养剂。雪旺细胞基底膜管能引导和促进周围神经轴突的再生,外源性的bFGF可以保留于基底层,数天内缓慢释放;bFGF还可以通过直接影响轴突,不经由雪旺细胞或血管生成机制,促进早期再生轴突的延长。

(2)局部应用:因为bFGF半衰期短和快速的扩散,采用传统的给药方式,长期无明显效果。Toledo等报道,局部应用bFGF促进大鼠面神经有髓神经纤维明显增加。他们经皮下将配有输送导管的渗透性微型泵置人靠近神经的吻合口。结果显示,bFGF与低剂量的FK-506联合应用,能增强神经愈合,加快早期阶段的神经再生,其中FK-506单独使用亦可促进神经再生。Chaiyasate等将小渗透泵置于近端神经吻合口处,比较FK-506和bFGF对外周神经再生的作用,结果显示,FK-506和bFGF均可促进神经轴突再生的数量,差异无统计学意义。

(3)控制缓释:重组人bFGF(recombinant human bFGF,rhbFGF)具有多种生物活性,在神经保护和增强神经再生中起重要作用。因其半衰期亦短,普通给药方式作用有限。为延长rhbFGF的生物活性和增强其生物学效应,用可吸收胶原海绵作为基质和载体控制rhbFGF的释放,能改善大鼠坐骨神经损伤的修复和再生。长期控释的bFGF,可作为血管生成疗法。肝素结合的聚(L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)纳米球是一种较新开发的bFGF缓释载体材料。bFGF从纳米球释放可持续3周,元初始突释现象。而使用纳米球悬浮在纤维蛋白凝胶的输送系统,bFGF的释放期能增至4周以上。

bFGF从纤维蛋白凝胶纳米球上释放的速率,是由血纤维蛋白凝胶的纤维蛋白原浓度控制的。随纤维蛋白原浓度的增加,bFGF的释放速率降低。Jeon等采用人脐静脉内皮细胞培养的方法,对bFGF从纤维蛋白凝胶HCPNs释放的生物活性进行评估,显示其可以持续有效释放15 d,显著增强bFGF的血管生成疗效。

(4)与导管复合使用:药物动力学研究表明,bFGF复合于神经导管植入体内后,第1天bFGF的释放呈爆发样,其后至少有2周的释放呈线性变化。Laquerriere等比较α-黑素细胞刺激激素和bFGF对促进轴突伸长的影响。将以上溶液分别填充至胎盘Ⅳ型胶原导管内桥接,发现只有bFGF组动物显示体感诱发电位反应显著性改善。Ide等发现,使用含雪旺细胞基底薄片(5 mm)脱细胞神经片段作为同种异体移植物,无需任何免疫抑制剂;当外源性联合应用bFGF时,可以提高再生轴突的生长。

利春叶和曹代成证实,bFGF结合自体移植静脉导管,能够明显地促进神经再生。体外研究发现,将bFGF加入到聚D,L-乳酸培养基质中,bFGF可以保留自身的生物活性,并能连续地从基质中释放,维持背根神经节和雪旺细胞的存活和生长。Wang等通过控制溶剂蒸发速率成功制备聚D,L-乳酸材料导管。神经导管具有2层结构(内层致密,外层微孔),内层致密层可以防止成纤维细胞向内生长,外多孔层允许血管向内生长和必需的营养物质扩散进人引导内腔,可将bFGF嵌入其内层中。Ohta等开发出H/A凝胶,其中包括肝素/藻酸盐/乙二胺共价交联。

肝素与bFGF结合后,bFGF可以保持生物活性,并稳定释放1个月。Ikeguehi等旧副首先在硅胶管内表面植入带负电荷的碳离子(C-),发现其有助于神经断端桥接再生。随后他们复合使用bFGF,效果进一步增强。Ikeda等旧叫比较单纯神经导管(对照组)、神经导管涂以诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,IPSC)衍生的神经球(IPSC组)、神经导管涂以IPSC衍生的神经球+bFGF明胶微球(IPSC+bFGF组)及自体移植组对神经再生的作用。结果显示,自体移植组获得最快的功能恢复和最佳的轴突再生,然后按顺序依次为IPSC+bFGF组、IPSC组及对照组。即除自体移植外,其他3种修复方法中,源自IPSC的神经球和bFGF的递送给药系统的结合,能最大程度地增强修复疗效。

由于胶原优良的生物学性质,胶原导管作为一种天然的生物功能支架已被广泛使用。线性有序胶原支架纤维是良好的腔填料,可以引导有序方向的神经再生。有研究表明,将胶原管内填充胶原蛋白结合的bFGF加载线性有序胶原支架纤维,能够促进神经横断的重建。

3.NGF与bFGF的协同作用:bFGF能显著促进周围神经损伤的修复功能,其效果可能优于NGF。采用大鼠横断的坐骨神经模型比较两种因子的作用,发现bFGF组的神经传导速度明显高于NGF组。bFGF和NGF均可刺激胆碱酯酶阳性纤维发芽再生,但NGF释放并作用于受损的神经元后,只有细的神经纤维再生;而bFGF既可以促进细纤维再生,又促进粗神经纤维再生心。

有研究已经发现,NGF和bFGF间具有协同作用,其能引起新生血管的快速形成,可防止神经元移植后死亡。对缺氧、缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠的研究发现,联合应用外源性bFGF和NGF,可使药效加强。

来源:中华神经外科杂志2016年第32卷第2期

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1748242, encodeId=fbe21e482426c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15b33952464' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#周围神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39524, encryptionId=15b33952464, topicName=周围神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f00136108751, createdName=Smile2692, createdTime=Wed Sep 13 14:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1973463, encodeId=6a9419e346375, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9834e437839' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经生长因子#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74378, encryptionId=9834e437839, topicName=神经生长因子)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf1d2500084, createdName=1249884fm87暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Mar 31 12:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1307044, encodeId=e284130e044b4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6dab540565f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#成纤维细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54056, encryptionId=6dab540565f, topicName=成纤维细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5d70341, createdName=zhishijing, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 00:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380713, encodeId=76c41380e13be, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 00:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462725, encodeId=53a61462e25fd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fbbce726228' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#纤维细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77262, encryptionId=fbbce726228, topicName=纤维细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6c516518840, createdName=marongnuan, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 00:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517950, encodeId=6aff151e95013, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa2269613cd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#生长因子#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69613, encryptionId=aa2269613cd, topicName=生长因子)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3df311117154, createdName=12499e01m50暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 00:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1568995, encodeId=04bf156899596, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b9ee7968f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞生长#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77968, encryptionId=5b9ee7968f5, topicName=细胞生长)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=75d615484024, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Fri Feb 10 00:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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