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中枢神经系统铁沉积症合并椎管内肿物1例

2019-08-10 张群英 耿建红 逯冉冉 中国实用神经疾病杂志

患者,男,38岁,已婚,因“听力下降2a,大小便控制困难2a”于2017-06-08潍坊医学院附属医院脊柱外科住院。患者2a前无明显原因出现双耳耳鸣,呈阵发性,具体音调不能判别,突然仰颈时易诱发,发作时不能听清他人言语内容,自觉耳内伴有随呼吸一致的“通风声”,右耳较左耳严重,低头休息后症状逐渐缓解,每次持续时间不一,约数秒至数分钟,无眩晕、恶心、呕吐,无复视、视物模糊,无吞咽困难、饮水呛咳。后病情

1.临床资料
 
患者,男,38岁,已婚,因“听力下降2a,大小便控制困难2a”于2017-06-08潍坊医学院附属医院脊柱外科住院。患者2a前无明显原因出现双耳耳鸣,呈阵发性,具体音调不能判别,突然仰颈时易诱发,发作时不能听清他人言语内容,自觉耳内伴有随呼吸一致的“通风声”,右耳较左耳严重,低头休息后症状逐渐缓解,每次持续时间不一,约数秒至数分钟,无眩晕、恶心、呕吐,无复视、视物模糊,无吞咽困难、饮水呛咳。后病情逐渐进展,听力进行性下降,以右耳为著,同时无明显原因及诱因出现大小便控制困难,大便以便秘多见,小便控制困难进行性加重,近1a来出现不完全性尿失禁,伴有性功能下降,自觉射精困难,偶有行走后双下肢无力感,无间歇性跛行,院外未行特殊处理。
 
患者自发病以来,神志清,精神状态可,饮食睡眠正常,大便困难,小便不完全性尿失禁,体质量较前无明显变化。既往18a前于外院行“侧脑室腹腔引流术”,左侧头皮下可触及一引流管。17.5a前于我院行“腰椎肿物切除术”,术后病理示脊膜瘤,术后未规律复查。对青霉素过敏。
 
入院检查:心肺听诊无异常,腹部可见一手术瘢痕,腰背部可见长约20 cm 纵行手术瘢痕。神志清楚,检查合作,无失语、失认、失读、失写,反应稍慢。双耳听力下降,以右侧为著,气导大于骨导,双侧指鼻试验、跟膝胫试验正常,闭目难立征阳性,直线行走不能,行走时左下肢拖曳,双上肢腱反射(++),双下肢膝反射(++++)、踝反射(++++),踝阵挛(+),髌阵挛(+),双侧Babinski征(+),双侧Chaddock征(+),鞍区皮肤浅感觉减退,肛门括约肌肌力4级,便秘,小便不完全性尿失禁。平L4-5位置局部压痛、叩击痛明显。
 
辅助检查:血糖7.65 mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白3.14mmol/L。余凝血功能四项、红细胞沉降率、尿常规、粪便常规、血常规、血生化无明显异常。心电图正常。腰椎CT示腰椎术后改变。腰椎正侧位、腰椎过伸过屈位示L2-5椎体棘突未见显示,L3椎体后缘低密度影,建议进一步检查。双下肢肌电图示:双下肢所检呈神经源性损害(考虑腰骶神经根损害可能),合并双下肢腓总神经损害(以轴索损害为主)。颅脑MRI、颈椎MRI、腰椎MRI+增强(图1)。



图1 头颅、颈椎、胸椎和腰椎MRI A:为头颅MRI T2WI横断面示脑干、小脑、颞叶沟回表面均匀低信号覆盖;B:为颈椎MRI T2WI矢状面示脑桥、延髓、小脑、脊髓表面覆盖均匀线样低信号影;C:为胸椎MRI T2WI矢状面示胸髓表面覆盖均匀线样低信号影;D:为腰椎MRI增强矢状面示L2~S2节段椎管内占位病变明显强化
 
认知功能评分:蒙特利尔认知评估量表21/30分,中文版简易智能精神状态检查量表22/30分。初步诊断:(1)中枢神经系统表面铁沉积症;(2)腰椎内肿物(L2~S2)。诊疗经过:请多学科会诊后,考虑患者目前诊断明确,手术指征明确,但患者肿瘤复发后,术野内粘连严重,马尾神经包绕其中,手术复杂,且术后极易发生大小便失禁,下肢感觉肌力下降等并发症,手术风险极大,向患者及家属交代病情后患者及家属要求出院,于上一级医院进一步手术治疗。
 
2.讨论
 
中枢神经系统含铁血黄素沉积(Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system,SSCNS)为慢性蛛网膜下腔出血导致含铁血黄素在脑和脊髓表面沉积造成的进行性白质和神经元损伤引起的临床罕见的神经系统变性疾病。慢性蛛网膜下腔出血病因目前尚不明确,复杂多样。感音性神经性听力损害、缓慢进行性小脑性共济失调和锥体束征为SSCNS的三大主要症状。除此之外根据患者铁沉积部位不同,还可出现对应的其他症状。发病机制尚不明确,可能与中枢神经系统铁超载导致细胞产生氧化反应,出现细胞损伤。另外,脑脊液中血红素和含铁血黄素的过量沉积也可能参与神经元受损。KOEPPEN等研究表明,SSCNS发病机制中小胶质细胞起到重要作用。小胶质细胞活化可以促进炎性因子和毒性因子产生,从而产生炎性和退行性变作用。
 
SSCNS目前主要依靠典型的临床症状及MRI T2WI、FLAIR及SWI上脑干、小脑和脊髓表面的短状低信号、结合腰穿脑脊液黄变,红细胞及蛋白含量明显升高等出血表现即可诊断,其中磁敏感加权成像(Susceptibility-weighted imaging,SWI)对含铁血黄素的检出很敏感,比T2WI序列敏感3~6倍,且显示铁沉积范围较其他序列大;再结合腰穿脑脊液黄变,红细胞及蛋白含量明显升高等出血表现即可明确诊断。
 
目前全脑血管造影尚未在该病诊断方面普及,也有最新文献报道全脑血管造影对诊断意义帮助不大。该病从可引起慢性蛛网膜下腔出血的原因到出现症状时间从数月到数年不等,以10~15a多见。疾病早期症状复杂多样,不典型,不能完善颅脑MR检查等容易误诊。曾有因肢体乏力、头晕、行走不稳等症状误诊为颈椎病病例。
 
该病例病因相关推测:(1)患者18a前腰椎管内肿物(术后病理示脊膜瘤)切除术病史,可能术后造成硬膜缺损、创伤出现微小出血点,随患者椎管内肿物复发,患者脑脊液内清除铁能力下降引起。(2)患者腰椎管内肿物可能为脊膜瘤复发,不能排除室管膜瘤,肿物压迫周围血管及组织,造成血管损伤形成微小出血灶引起。(3)瘤内慢性微小出血也可造成铁沉积在脑和脊膜表面。(4)患者曾行脑室-腹腔引流,长期慢性出血也可造成铁沉积。
 
此病例还有以下特点:(1)患者除有经典感音性听力下降、锥体束征及神经压迫体征外,还合并腰椎管内肿物,马尾处粘连严重,缺乏相关脑脊液检查结果,无法通过脑脊液分析进一步证实患者SSCNS诊断,患者拒绝脑血管造影检查,故此方面资料尚缺失,但患者影像学资料较充分,颈椎MRI示,颈脊髓表面弥漫性低信号影,颅脑MRI显示脑池及脑沟周围脑表面低信号,中枢神经系统含铁血黄素沉积症诊断明确。(2)患者合并腰椎管内肿物,症状复杂,给诊治带来困难。(3)与患者交流时其反应稍慢,对患者进行智能量表测定,蒙特利尔认知评估量表21分,中文版简易智能精神状态检查量表22分,两表结果均稍低于正常,两表显示患者视空间与执行能力、计算能力、延迟回忆能力、定向能力稍差,考虑与铁沉积于皮质引起皮层功能下降有关。
 
中枢神经系统含铁血黄素沉积症的治疗主要为明确患者病因,以出血灶的手术切除为主,只有找到并干预出血灶,才能控制患者病情,防止进一步进展,改善预后。及时干预明确出血灶后患者病情不再进展,但原有症状不能缓解。但也有部分研究表明,手术干预有明确出血原因的患者,术后少数患者的疾病发展可能缓慢停止。多数无明确出血来源的患者病情会继续进展,可能与中枢神经系统铁超载有关。但由于多数患者病因尚不能完全明确,故针对减少铁毒性的非手术治疗比较重要。曾有尝试性治疗如铁螯合剂、抗氧化剂等效果均不理想。
 
对于听力下降患者,国外有研究报道植入人工耳蜗可改善听力,但只是对症治疗,远期疗效有待观察。也曾有早期使用激素冲击治疗,但效果需进一步观察,如果出现精神症状,多巴胺拮抗剂治疗效果良好。患者症状的出现与铁沉积在中枢神经系统造成铁毒性时间有关,故寻找早期诊断指标,开发新型促铁代谢药物为重点。而本病例中枢神经系统铁表面沉积症可能与腰椎肿物有密切联系,若有类似患者出现不能解释的听力下降、小脑共济失调等相关症状时,需行颅脑MRI以明确是否出现中枢神经系统铁表面沉积症,该患者腰椎肿物切除术后病情是否能稳定或减轻则需进一步随访。
 
原始出处:

张群英,耿建红,逯冉冉,赵敏,赵兴军.中枢神经系统铁沉积症合并椎管内肿物1例[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(12):1385-1388.

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    2020-01-20 LSJ120
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    2019-10-13 bugit
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