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血凝酶类止血药治疗常见急诊出血的临床实践

2016-07-11 佚名 《中华医学信息导报》

常见急诊出血类型及发病情况据统计,每年有15%~20%的患者因各种原因导致的出血在急诊科就诊,出血的原因主要包括疾病和创伤两大类,其中尤以上消化道出血最为常见。临床常用止血材料及药物由于出血的种类与形式多样,临床医生的处置措施不尽相同。尤其是近几年,可吸收型止血材料取得了较大的进展,临床应用广泛。无论何种原因引起的出血,对于因微小血管破损导致的创面大面积渗血,现有的各种止血材料和方法都不能起到良好

常见急诊出血类型及发病情况

据统计,每年有15%~20%的患者因各种原因导致的出血在急诊科就诊,出血的原因主要包括疾病和创伤两大类,其中尤以上消化道出血最为常见。

临床常用止血材料及药物

由于出血的种类与形式多样,临床医生的处置措施不尽相同。尤其是近几年,可吸收型止血材料取得了较大的进展,临床应用广泛。无论何种原因引起的出血,对于因微小血管破损导致的创面大面积渗血,现有的各种止血材料和方法都不能起到良好的止血作用,仍需联合药物进行处理,临床常见药物见表1。

表1 临床常见的止血药物




注射用矛头蝮蛇血凝酶:处理微小血管出渗血的理想选择

注射用矛头蝮蛇血凝酶能直接水解纤维蛋白原释放纤维蛋白肽A,导致纤维蛋白原单体首尾聚合而凝固,具有促凝血性,而且形成的血凝块易被体内纤溶系统清除,可避免血栓形成风险。注射用矛头蝮蛇血凝酶可有效治疗各种出血问题,满足急诊多样化需求,临床上可静脉、肌肉或皮下注射,也可局部应用,是处理微小血管出、渗血的理想选择。


(1)消化道出血:一项来自四川大学华西医院中国循证医学中心的meta分析证实,注射用矛头蝮蛇血凝酶具有显著的止血作用,给药后24 h 内止血率为65.8%,与对照组(38.2%)相比,差异具有统计学意义。此外,王瑞等在内镜下局部应用血凝酶治疗消化溃疡性出血,其疗效与肾上腺素相当,但不良反应显著低于肾上腺素。


(2)呼吸道出血:Shi等对72例用呼吸机救治的危重新生儿局部给予注射用矛头蝮蛇血凝酶治疗,出血发生率为12.2%,显著低于未给药组的41.9%,治疗组患儿存活率78.0%,显著高于对照组58.1%。这说明通过局部给予血凝酶可以显著降低危重患儿出血风险,改善患儿预后。


(3)创伤出血:孔德全等将84例急性外伤性创面出血患者分为血凝酶组(n =42,将巴曲亭2 U 4支溶解后用生理盐水稀释10倍,浸润纱布,敷于患者的出血创面)和对照组压迫止血组(n =42,干纱布敷于患者的出血创面),结果显示,在止血时间、伤口出血量和单位面积出血量上,血凝酶组都明显优于对照组。可见,对外伤性出血创面应用血凝酶有良好的止血效果。


(4)安全性:中国药学会临床药物评价研究专业委员会对2008—2010年使用血凝酶16053例进行回顾性研究显示,其不良事件发生率仅为0.24%,无重度不良事件发生,临床应用安全可靠。


【摘自《中华医学信息导报》2016年第11期】

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    2016-07-13 jeanqiuqiu
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    2016-07-12 明崖

    学习了,出血现象越来越多

    0

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