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不开颅,激光间质热疗(LITT)怎么一步步精准去除脑肿瘤?

2020-04-08 INC国际神经科学 INC国际神经科学

现代医学科技的进步!一文了解激光下精准消融脑肿瘤的世界前沿新技术。

现代前沿科技进展给颅内肿瘤的诊断、治疗带来了新的发展,脑肿瘤患者的存活预期和存活率得到了大幅改善,这其中磁共振成像MRI引导的激光间质热疗(laser interstitial thermal therapy,LITT)起到了极大作用

2018年7月发表在Journal of Oncology上的一篇LITT治疗胶质母细胞瘤的论文表示,使用MRI引导的激光间质热疗法(LITT)对于某些患者的胶质母细胞瘤是安全有效的,与目前的标准治疗相比,平均寿命可延长2个月。

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2019年5月,《Neurosurgery》上发表了一则美国神经外科专家等采用分期LITT新方法,治疗1例位于优势半球岛叶的大型少突胶质细胞瘤(WHOⅡ级)取得满意的疗效的期刊论文,这代表着激光热疗治疗方法的巨大进步。

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什么是激光间质热疗?

激光间质热疗是立体定向引导下的一种经皮微创手术,激光通过光纤作用于靶点,从而选择性地消融病变组织。该技术最大的优势在于,可以在磁共振的实时引导和监测下,实现对脑深部病变的精准消融治疗。

这是结合了影像学立体定向导航和微导管激光热疗的新技术,具有激光精准定位和温度可控的优点,应用于胶质瘤、转移瘤、癫痫灶和硬脊膜外转移瘤的治疗。

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【LITT是一种微创疗法,使用细激光光纤(箭头)引导实时MR成像精确破坏肿瘤组织】

LITT是如何一步步切病灶的?

关于LITT技术的作用机制,INC世界神经外科顾问团成员、世界神经外科权威杂志《Journal of Neurosurgery》主编、加拿大多伦多大学儿童医院SickKids大外科主任及脑瘤研究中心主席James T.Rutka教授指出,激光间质热疗利用的是先进的磁共振成像MRI引导技术,神经外科医生可以清晰地识别肿瘤与周围健康脑组织的位置关系,进而制定精确的手术路径。手术过程首先需要在患部皮肤上切一个约2-4毫米宽的小切口,之后在其中插入激光光纤探头,最后将探头引导到病灶目标所在的位置,利用脉冲激光消融或烧掉肿瘤组织即可。

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(LITT手术示意图)

LITT切除颅内肿瘤的5个优势

1、MRI技术全程引导,精准定位病灶,避免了对周围健康组织的伤害。一般直径<3cm的脑肿瘤可实施单次治疗;对直径≥3cm的病灶需要通过多个轨迹消融整个脑肿瘤。

2、微创、并发症少:手术切口小,头皮切开不到4mm,颅骨钻孔穿刺即可。为不能耐受开颅术的患者,提供新的治疗选择。

3、手术时间短,恢复快:颅内原发性肿瘤的平均LITT时间为2.9小时,大多数患者可在治疗后的第二天回家,并可迅速恢复正常活动。而接受常规手术治疗的病人需住院5~6天,然后恢复数周。

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4、安全:无放疗引起的组织损伤,可帮助对立体定向放射外科手术无反应或有放射性坏死(放射治疗引起的组织死亡)的患者。

5、适用广:放疗后局灶复发的转移瘤、位置深在的恶性胶质瘤、局灶复发的胶质瘤和放射性坏死;无法手术的复发脑膜瘤均是LITT的适应症。对复发胶质母细胞瘤等治疗困难的颅内肿瘤能够进行反复、多方位治疗。

需要注意的是,LITT能加重瘤周水肿,因此对已造成明显占位效应的肿瘤,应慎重。

LITT的发展历史

1983年,Bown首次描述了LITT技术,Sugiyama在1990年首次应用LITT治疗脑部病变。但由于早期技术不甚完善,无法有效控制消融灶周边组织的热损伤,使得该技术应用受到限制。近年来兴起的磁共振引导下的激光间质热疗(MRI-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy,MRg-LITT),实现了在治疗过程中对消融区域温度的实时监测。

2007年,美国FDA批准了第一项MRg-LITT系统用于脑内病变治疗。

2009年,局部激光间质热疗被美国FDA批准用于治疗颅内疾病。

2010年,MRg-LITT首次应用于一例儿童癫痫患者。目前,多个中心现在正在应用MRg-LITT治疗脑转移瘤、放射性坏死、神经胶质瘤和癫痫。目前,该技术是颞叶内侧型癫痫的主要治疗手段之一,且其临床应用范围还将进一步拓宽。

2019年10月发表在Cancer Imaging上的一篇论文指出,与传统开颅手术相比,LITT被认为是一种侵入性较小的技术,在治疗神经胶质瘤、脑转移瘤、放射坏死和癫痫等方面,显示出了令人鼓舞的结果,可以为那些无法通过手术接近病变,不是手术候选者或其他标准治疗方案均无效的患者提供更安全的替代治疗方案。

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总体而言,激光间质热疗(LITT)是具有广泛应用前景的微创治疗颅内病变的新方法。目前,在世界上的一些知名神经外科专业研究机构,LITT技术都正在得到越来越成熟的应用,比如世界闻名的美国加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)医学中心、德国INI国际神经学研究中心和法国巴黎Lariboisiere医院、世界水平的儿童医院之一加拿大多伦多大学儿童医院SickKids等。然而,目前的临床研究多为小样本回顾性研究,结果也未严格区分病变性质及部位,指导意义有限。对于进一步指导LITT的应用,还需要多中心、大样本、前瞻性临床研究结果作为基础。

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    2020-04-10 oliver169
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