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中国医改的三大成绩与三大挑战

2018-03-05 刘远立 健康界

自2009年新一轮医改方案实施以来,取得了三大主要成绩:第一,实现了基本医疗保障制度的全民覆盖。包括城镇职工医保、城乡居民医保、城乡居民大病保险、重特大疾病医疗救助、疾病应急救助制度在内的基本医疗保障制度有效地降低了人民群众看病就医的经济门槛和财务负担,使得个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重不断下降(由2010年的35.29%下降到2015年的29.27%);第二,向全民免费提供“基本公共卫生服务项目”

自2009年新一轮医改方案实施以来,取得了三大主要成绩:

第一,实现了基本医疗保障制度的全民覆盖。包括城镇职工医保、城乡居民医保、城乡居民大病保险、重特大疾病医疗救助、疾病应急救助制度在内的基本医疗保障制度有效地降低了人民群众看病就医的经济门槛和财务负担,使得个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重不断下降(由2010年的35.29%下降到2015年的29.27%);

第二,向全民免费提供“基本公共卫生服务项目”。这个集公共卫生、预防保健、基本医疗服务为一体的服务包(目前项目增加到45项)完全由政府财政支持、组织基层服务机构提供、并以儿童、孕产妇、老年人、慢病患者等为重点人群;

第三,在公立医疗机构全面取消药品加成,彻底打破了旧有的“以药养医”制度。“零差率”制度的实施,主要目的是通过改变医疗服务提供方处方行为背后的经济激励机制,从而控制医药费用不合理的过快上涨。

在进一步深化医改的过程中,也面临三大重点和难点问题:

第一,在实现了基本医疗保障制度全民覆盖以后,如何保证这个制度的可持续发展以及如何发挥好医保“购买服务”的功能?

一方面,为了积极应对人口老龄化、疾病谱转变、科技创新等因素所带来的人民医疗保健需求的增加,必须要持续加大医疗筹资的力度、保障的力度,并且创新筹资机制,包括征收香烟消费附加税、开设健康福利彩票等。另一方面,必须要通过补偿与支付方式的改革(例如:通过实施按疾病诊断分组付费,而不是按项目付费),从而让医疗服务提供方既要保证质量,又有动力和压力自觉地控制医疗成本;

第二,在实施“国家基本公共卫生服务项目”的基础上,如何有效实现疾病防治的关口前移、就医流程的科学有序?

这就要建立“分级诊疗体系”。这个系统工程有几个关键环节:一是要建立健全以“主动健康”为新的价值导向的“家庭医生服务团队签约服务责任制”,二是建立健全基于医疗资源纵向整合(“医联体”)的信息化、智能化的“双向转诊”制度;

第三,在打破了旧有的“以药养医”制度之后,如何深化人事薪酬制度的改革,真正调动起广大医务人员的积极性?

据北京协和医学院公共卫生学院分别于2016至2018年1月连续三年对全国31省市自治区的12万多医护人员的调查显示:医院医护人员工作负荷过大、睡眠休息不足、身心健康不佳、薪酬待遇不高的问题普遍存在,执业环境、薪酬待遇亟待改善。提高广大医护人员的获得感对于有效提高患者的获得感十分重要。

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    2018-03-07 仁医06
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    2018-03-06 杨利洪

    学习了分享一下

    0

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    2018-03-05 惠映实验室

    学习.谢谢分享.

    0

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    2018-03-05 183****7028

    学习

    0

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2009年新一轮医改启动以来,社会办医取得了较快发展。今年5月,国务院再次发文力挺社会办医。

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