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硬膜外后方游离型腰椎间盘突出症1例

2018-12-08 中国矫形外科杂志 魏强强

患者,男性,45岁,因“腰痛半年加重伴左腿麻痛1个月余”入院,自述半年前无明显诱因出现腰痛,

腰椎间盘突出症是临床上引起腰腿痛的常见病因之一,目前MRI已作为腰椎间盘突出症的主要诊断方式。其突出分类的术语较多,较为经典的分类有:(1)突出(protrusion),包括局限型和广泛型;(2)疝出(herniation),包括脱垂(prolapse)、脱出(ex?truded)和游离型(sequestrum)。疝出中以游离型较为少见。髓核组织可向椎管内多个方向游离,例如:硬膜囊前上方或前下方移位,硬膜囊侧方或后方(背侧)移位,严重时髓核组织进入硬膜囊内。而硬膜外后方的游离髓核组织与椎管内肿瘤或占位性病变通过临床症状及MRI检查不易区分开来,给诊断带来一定困难,增强磁共振扫描后更容易与椎管内神经鞘瘤、脓肿、血肿混淆。本文试图通过1例硬膜外后方腰椎间盘突出症的影像学特点以及回顾文献中关于PEMLIF与椎管内肿瘤或占位性病变的报道进行分析,找出该病的特点,为临床诊断提供进一步的可靠依据。

病例报告

患者,男性,45岁,因“腰痛半年加重伴左腿麻痛1个月余”入院,自述半年前无明显诱因出现腰痛,1个月前腰痛加重伴左大腿外侧、小腿外侧、足部麻痛,行走时自觉乏力,行走约200m出现腰痛加剧,休息后腰痛缓解,为求进一步治疗来院就诊。查体:脊柱生理性弯曲存在,各棘突及椎旁无压痛及叩击痛,左下肢肌力Ⅳ级,母伸肌力IV级,肌张力正常,血运及感觉正常,直腿抬高试验阳性(60°),右下肢肌力V级,母伸肌力V级,肌张力正常,血运及感觉正常,直腿抬高试验阴性,髌阵挛、踝阵挛阴性,膝腱反射存在,Babiskin征阴性,生理反射存在。入院后MRI提示:L4/5椎间隙水平硬膜外异常信号影,L3/4、L4/5、L5S1椎间盘变性。增强扫描后见占位性病变周围呈环形增强信号(图1a~1h)。ESR及CRP正常,APF及CEA正常。术中探查见L4/5水平硬膜囊外后方见团块样游离病变组织,硬膜囊向右侧挤压变形,病变组织周围被不规则肉芽组织包裹,缓慢并完整取出病变组织块,大小约2CM×2CM×1CM,组织周围凹凸不平,见局部毛细血管形成,质地稍硬,呈软骨样,继续拨开硬膜囊探查前方,见L4/5水平后纵韧带不完整,切开后探查见L4/5椎间盘空虚,髓核量明显减少,退变严重。术后病变组织病理结果提示:L4/5镜下为退变的髓核组织,髓核组织周围见血管增生、慢性炎细胞浸润(图1i~1j)。术后患者左下肢疼痛症状明显改善。


讨论

游离型椎间盘突出症临床十分少见,从椎间盘脱出游离的发病率来看,以腰椎间盘脱出游离最为常见,颈椎和胸椎间盘此种情况极少发生。其中以椎间盘组织脱入硬膜囊后方极为罕见。1973年由Lombardi首次报道硬膜外后方游离型腰椎间盘突出症,至今为止已有41例报道。就目前现有的报道对于术前诊断PEMLIF是较为困难的,磁共振检查是判断游离型椎间盘突出症的最佳影像学方式,能够较为清晰的定位游离椎间盘的走行方向。但是单从磁共振检查也很难与椎管内一些占位性病变区分开来,比如椎管内的肿瘤及血肿和脓肿等。

PEMLIF与椎管内占位性病变容易混淆,从临床症状来开,大多数表现为单侧或双侧神经根压迫症状,严重时可表现为马尾神经症状。从患者发病史来开,通常腰椎间盘突出症的患者大多数表现有典型的外伤史,当椎间盘脱出游离进入椎管内,常常表现为慢性腰腿痛伴急性发作的病史。而椎管内肿瘤生长缓慢,只有当肿瘤生长到一定程度时才可压痛神经表示出典型症状。本文中的患者无明显外伤史,也是呈慢性发病的病史,所以从发病史来鉴别两者也存在一定的困难。对于特殊情况,很难从患者外在的情况来进行两者的区分。而从发病的本质来看,脱出游离的椎间盘组织与椎管内占位(如肿瘤、脓肿、血肿等)的病灶组织是不同的,只能借助影像学检查的手段,来进一步分析其特点,并找出区分点。

脱出游离于椎管中的髓核组织MRI主要表现:T1WI常表现为低或等信号,T2WI可表现为高信号,当髓核中水分及蛋白多糖含量减少而胶原含量增加时,髓核的T2WI信号强度明显降低。水平位看椎管内髓核形态呈方形或不规则形。增强扫描后椎管内髓核组织边缘呈环形增强表现。正如本文病例报道相同,但增强环的形态来看,其并非完整,呈间断环形增强信号。除去髓核组织本身的信号改变以外。MRI还可表现为腰椎管狭窄,供体椎间隙变窄,髓核空虚。严重时甚至可表现为相邻椎体的终板炎,其MRI表现为相邻椎体的上下边缘T1WI高信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,T2WIRW呈低信号改变。髓外硬膜下肿瘤主要MRI特点:脊髓受压变形,并推向一侧,肿瘤同侧蛛网膜下腔增宽,对侧狭窄。从本病例来看椎管内硬膜囊完整且被游离椎间盘挤向一侧,但脊髓信号正常。

神经鞘瘤是一种良性单发肿瘤,占脊柱内肿瘤的26%,也是髓外硬膜下最常见肿瘤。其主要分布于颈椎和胸椎,有一些也分布在腰椎部位。其MRI表现:外形主要是圆形或椭圆形,在T2WI可表现为均匀的高信号,增强后磁共振表现为周围型强化,肿瘤外周呈环形增强信号,T1WI主要表现为低或等信号,神经纤维瘤MRI的T2WI信号多是不均匀的,高信号的区域代表粘液样的组织或囊变区,其内低信号区域代表胶原和纤维组织。增强扫描后呈均匀增强。脊膜瘤发病率仅次于神经鞘瘤,好发于女性,原因可能与雌激素水平相关,发生部位主要以颈椎及上胸椎,腰椎少见,MRI显示T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈稍低或高信号。椎管内畸胎瘤好发髓外硬膜下,多见于年轻女性,T1WI和T2WI均显示混杂不均匀的强度信号。脊髓转移瘤常发生于硬膜外,很少发生在髓外硬膜下,并以胸椎好发,颈椎或腰椎少见。MRI提示肿瘤信号多与周围组织相关。T1WI与T2WI信号相同,均为高信号,增强扫描后呈均匀增强信号,且周围的硬脊膜信号也增强。此影像学特点与椎间盘脱出游离的信号有很多的区别。

椎管内血肿好发部位多见于胸段,腰段次之。T1WI血肿于急性期呈等信号,亚急性期及慢性期呈高信号;T2WI于急性期呈等信号,亚急性期呈高信号,慢性期呈高信号,边缘可有含铁血黄素沉积形成的低信号环形带。增强MRI扫描后需与椎管内脓肿鉴别,脓肿周围脓壁出现明显环形强化,而血肿急性期不强化。硬膜外脓肿:多并发于化脓性脊柱炎,主要是椎体及椎间盘出现异常信号,临床常有感染症状,MRI平扫呈长T1、长T2信号,脓肿常位于前硬膜腔。

终上所述,游离型椎间盘突出和椎管内神经鞘瘤疾病从磁共振的诊断来看有很多相似点,但也不乏有不同之处。椎间盘脱出游离最常发生在腰椎部位,而椎管内神经鞘瘤以胸椎段较为常见,有文献记载动态观察两种疾病的磁共振表现,一般6个月以后游离髓核组织有逐渐缩小的趋势,而椎管内神经鞘瘤却逐渐增大。从发病部位来看椎管内肿瘤大多数好发于脊髓胸段髓外硬膜下,与硬膜外游离椎间盘组织易于鉴别。生理情况下椎间盘无血液供应,然而通过增强MRI扫描后,脱出游离的椎间盘组织周围环形增强的高信号表达,说明组织周围存在血液供应,通过病理检查及免疫组织结果,退变的髓核细胞周围及间隙内存在血管壁成分,且生长不规则,周围伴炎症细胞及脂肪细胞,可以推测增强MRI扫描后的高信号是由于组织周围的血液供应导致,新生血管的形成可能是由于游离至椎管内的椎间盘碎片经硬膜外脂肪血管传送炎症因子,刺激碎片组织周围形成炎症反应,并最终形成不规则肉芽组织,故MRI增强扫描后形成的不规则环形增强信号可能与之有关。至于PEMLIF与血肿和脓肿区别,虽然均发生于硬膜外,且增强MRI扫描均呈周围环形增强,但脓肿多位于硬膜囊腹侧,且脓肿多并发脊柱炎,椎体及椎间盘均呈异常信号。慢性期的硬膜外血肿增强后环形与铁血黄素沉积有关,与硬膜外游离椎间盘环形增强形成不同。

PEMLIF是一类十分罕见的疾病,术前诊断常与椎管内肿瘤及血肿和脓肿混淆。磁共振检查是诊断椎管内占位性病变的最佳辅助检查,能够很好的区分各类病灶的不同之处,以增强扫描后更为典型。PEM?LIF通过MRI检查发现游离椎间盘信号与母盘的信号大致相同,同时可发现对应节段的椎间隙中椎间盘信号与邻近椎间盘信号的异常,并通过增强MRI扫描见椎管内椎间盘周围呈不规则环形增强信号,结合临床体征及检查能进一步明确诊断。

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    2018-12-15 衣带渐宽

    学习

    0

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