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医学英语词汇的速记技巧—构词法

2012-12-11 MedSci MedSci原创

  1 转化法   英语中有些单词不须改变词的外形就能由一种词类转化成另一种词类。单词转化后的意义往往与未转化前的意义有密切的联系。医学英语中名词与动词的转化较为常见。    动词转化成名词  例如: to discharge pus (流脓), nasal discharge (流鼻涕) 等。例句:He coughs badly. He has a bad cough (他咳得很厉害)。   

  1 转化法
  英语中有些单词不须改变词的外形就能由一种词类转化成另一种词类。单词转化后的意义往往与未转化前的意义有密切的联系。医学英语中名词与动词的转化较为常见。
   动词转化成名词
  例如: to discharge pus (流脓), nasal discharge (流鼻涕) 等。例句:He coughs badly. He has a bad cough (他咳得很厉害)。
   名词转化成动词
  例如: three -edged needle (三棱针), to needle a blister (刺破水泡) 等。例句: The doctor advised the patient to take an X - ray examination (医生建议病人进行X 光检查)。She should be X-rayed (她必须做X 光检查)。
  形容词转化成动词
  例如: a better condition (较好的条件), to better the condition of the hospital(改善医院的条件) 等。例句:We must keep the ward clean (我们必须保持病房的干净)。We clean the ward every day ( 我们每天打扫病房)
  派生法:在词根的前面加上前缀或者在后面加上后缀构成一个新词, 这种构词方法被称为派生法。这里我们首先要掌握医学词汇的四种基本成份, 又称为词素(word elements).
  词 根(word root)
  词根又称词基(word base) 或词干(word stem )。它是任何一个单词的核心部分, 它包含着这个单词的基本意义。医学词汇的词根通常来自希腊语或拉丁语, 代表身体的一个部分。所有的医学词汇有一个或更多的词根。如gastr (胃), nephr (肾) , cardi(心) 等。在单词gastroenteritis (胃肠炎) 中gastr 和enter 两个词素是词根。
   前 缀(prefix)
  前缀又称词首(word beginning)。加于词前, 本身具有一定含义, 可改变原词的意思, 但一般不改变其词类。如: dysmenorrhea ( 痛经), amenorrhea ( 闭经), oligminorrhea ( 月经量少), hypermenorrhea ( 月经过多); hypotension (血压过低) 和bypertension ( 血压过高); bradycardia (心搏缓慢) 和tachycardia (心动过速) 等等。医学词首通常表示“数字”、“时间”、“方向”、“位置”或“否定”的含义。但有的医学词没有词首, 词根就兼起词首的作用。
  后 缀(suffix)
  后缀又称词尾(word ending)。加于词后, 一般不改变词根的含义, 只转变词类。如teacher, teaches, teaching 。医学词汇也不例外。但是, 大家知道, 后缀可以改变词汇的意思, 不同的后缀给词汇赋予不同的含义。如transform (转化), transport (运送), transmit (传送); lochiorrhea (恶露不绝), lochiostasis (恶露不下); gastritis (胃炎), gastralgia (胃痛), gastroscopy (胃镜), gastrotomy (胃切开术), gastromegaly (巨胃) 等等。
  连 接元音(combiningvowel)
  连接元音又称联合元音。是连接两个词根的元音, 或连接词根与词尾的元音。词首与词根之间有时有元音连接, 有时无元音连接。连接元音多用“o”, 有时也用“a”、“e”, 很少用“u”。连接元音只起连接作用, 对词义无影响。如单词gastr.o.scopy 和post.e.rior 中,“o”和“e”分别是连接元音。
  还 有一种词形, 称为联合形(combining form ), 不是独立的词素, 而是两个词素的联合形式, 或是词根加连接元音。我们应尽量掌握此种形式, 它能使许多词容易发音。如上面所提的词根gastr, nephr, cardi 发音较涩, 而加上“o ”后, 就很容易念出它们的发音gastrlo, nephrlo, cardilo 。另外, 我们还要掌握建立医学词汇的二个基本规律:
  1) 词根直接用于以元音字母开始的后缀前面, 如: cephal + algia → cephalalgia ( 头痛) 和nephr + itis → nephritis (肾炎) 等。 医.学教.育网搜.集整理
  2) 连接元音用于连接一个词根和一个以辅音字母开始的后缀, 或者直接连接另一个词根。如: hem + o+ rrhage → hemorrhage ( 出血) 或therm + o+ meter → thermometer (体温表) 等。
  2合成法
  合成法是由两个或者两个以上的单词组成一个新 词。有的合成词中各成分之间用连字符, 也有的不用连字符, 而采用连写形式。在由二个以上的单词构成的合成词中, 一定要用连字符。如: 合成名词: w indstroke ( 中风), lockjaw (牙关紧闭), zangfu -organs (脏腑); 合成形容词:blood-letting (放血的), double-handed (双手的),up -to -date (最新的、现代化的); 合成动词: overstrain ( 过劳) , onset ( 发作), heat -treat ( 对..进行热处理) 等等。
  3 缩略法
  运用缩略法构成的词替代了原有的词或者词组。这种构词法在医学英语中使用较为广泛。随着医学词汇量的日益增大和趋向复杂化, 为顺应语言由繁向简的发展趋势, 由医学词派生出来的大量缩略词已遍及医学文献的各个领域。缩略词分为以下三种情况:
  截短词
   裁减掉原词的前半部分或后半部分, 或前后部分都去掉。如: telephone 改为phone ( 电话); laboratory 改为lab (实验室); influenza 改为flu (流感) 等。
  混 合词
  将两个或更多的单词各去掉一部分, 然后拼写在一起构成混合词。如: smoke+ fog→smog (烟雾); acupuncture+ point→acupoint (穴位等)。
  缩略语
大多数缩略语是由几个大写字母组成, 它是由原词的第一个字母和其中重要词根的第一个字母所组成。如: TCM 代表traditional chinese medicine (中医); ECG 代表electrocardiogram (心电图);L I 代表large intestion ( 大肠); CT 代表computed tomography (计算机断层摄影术) 等。总之, 学习任何语言的两个基本因素是词汇和语法。要想学好医学英语, 除了了解基本的英语语法知识外, 还必须掌握足够的医学词汇。学好构词法, 对于记忆单词, 增加词汇量, 并通过分析词的结构而理解其确切含义。
                              4形象记忆法
在记忆医学英语的缩略词的时候,可以有字母的代替词语来记忆。例如,在记忆DNA,RNA,和ATP时,就有一种方法可以使这些字母组合变得有意义(无论用什么词语,都要与表示缩略词意思的词语联系起来)。DNA的全称是脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid).那么“一位院长(D)一手抓着母鸡(N)另一只手抓着一只猩猩(A)”的形象就可以让你想起DNA,戴安娜将一个巨大的字母D 放在了一头公牛(OX)的身上,用丝带(ribbon)将他们捆绑在了一起,这些丝带都是崭新(new)的,捆绑完时丝带发出了咔嚓一声(click).。这样一来,“D+公牛+丝带+崭新+咔嚓”(D OX ribbon new click )这个词语组合就可以提醒你想起“脱氧核糖核酸“
IAA是“吲哚乙酸”(indole acetic acid)即生长素的缩写形式。你可以想象一只巨大的眼睛不停说好好(aye aye ),或者用

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    2015-02-05 Juliet2015

    还是好难记

    0

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    2014-07-28 bryanlxj

    呃,后面还有内容的么?

    0

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    2013-10-20 ppjc521

    或者用...什么?

    0

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