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JACR:哪些甲状腺结节应该穿刺?美国放射学会发布白皮书

2017-07-14 肿瘤资讯编辑部 肿瘤资讯

随着甲状腺超声检查的普及,甲状腺结节的检出率非常高,但大多数的结节都是良性的。尽管多数的甲状腺结节进行了穿刺活检,但真正是恶性或需要手术来明确诊断的结节很少。近期,美国放射学会(ACS)发布白皮书:ACS甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,TI-RADS),指导临床医生如何根据超声结果来进行甲状腺结节管理。

随着甲状腺超声检查的普及,甲状腺结节的检出率非常高,但大多数的结节都是良性的。尽管多数的甲状腺结节进行了穿刺活检,但真正是恶性或需要手术来明确诊断的结节很少。近期,美国放射学会(ACS)发布白皮书:ACS甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,TI-RADS),指导临床医生如何根据超声结果来进行甲状腺结节管理

背景

甲状腺结节非常常见,高分辨超声检查成人的检出率高达68%。目前,细针穿刺活检(FNA)是最有效的常规检测方法,以明确结节是否为恶性或需要手术来明确诊断。然而,大多数的结节均为良性,即使是恶性结节,也通常表现为惰性或非侵袭性生成,尤其是<1cm的结节。因此,并不是所有的结节都需要FNA和/或手术。近年来,来自韩国和美国的数据相继显示,甲状腺癌存在过度诊断的现象。当下,我们迫切需要一种无创的手段来评估哪些结节需要进行FNA。因此,美国放射学会发布白皮书:根据超声结果进行危险分层,发现最具有临床意义的恶性结节,从而降低良性结节的活检率。

ACS TI-RADS 介绍

ACS TI-RADS系统首先根据超声中4个不同的特征和总的超声表现分别进行评分,最后累积上述5项评分得到最终分数,最终分数将决定结节的ACS TI-RADS 等级,共分为5级:TR1(良性),TR2(不可疑),TR3(轻度可疑),TR4(中度可疑),TR5(高度可疑为恶性),ACR TI-RADS的评估流程图如下。


图1. ACR TI-RADS的评估流程图

超声表现评分解读

1.结节内部结构(Composition)

囊性或几乎完全为囊性得0分,因为这类结节基本上为良性;相似的,海绵状/多囊样/蜂窝状结构也多为良性的,无论其相对回声水平或其他特征,但这个海绵状结节必须是囊性为主(>50%)结节。混合型结节分为实性为主结节(结节内囊性成为占整个结节比例<50%)和囊性为主结节(结节内囊性成为占整个结节比例≥50%)。实性结节指结节内全部为实性成分。

2.回声水平 (Echogenicity)

通过与甲状腺实质、颈部颈前肌群相比较,可将结节回声分为极低回声、低回声、等回声和高回声。低于颈前肌群者为极低回声,仅低于甲状腺实质者为低回声、与甲状腺实质回声相近者为等回声,而高于甲状腺实质者则为高回声。“无回声”主要应用于囊性或几乎囊性结节,计为0分;若非,则将给予3分,因为其极低回声表现。

3.形状(Shape)

主要评估结节的纵横比,即前后径和横径的比值(A/T),分为≥1和<1两类。A/T <1 即wider-than-tall,计为0分;A/T≥1即taller-than-wide,计为3分。

4.边缘(Margin)

边缘光滑(明确或清晰的边缘,结节与周边组织形成鲜明的区分)或边界不清楚、很难区分的计为0分;边界不规则或呈微分叶状计为2分;结节向甲状腺外侵犯可分为广泛外侵或局限性外侵。广泛外侵预示恶性度较高;对于局限性外侵,病理医师评估的一致性较低,因此临床意义存在争议,均计为3分。

5.强回声灶(Echogenic Foci)

“大彗星尾征”多见于伴有囊性成分的甲状腺结节,预示为良性,计为0分;“内部粗大钙化型”,即实质性病灶内强光斑,为片状,斑块状、团块状强回声,常有声影,这类结节既往文献报道恶性风险不一,因此计为1分。“环形或周边粗大钙化型”,表现为肿块周边呈蛋壳样,或沿周边分布的较大钙化,既往的文献报道,这类结节与恶性结节有较强相关性,因此计为2分。对于小的强回声灶,比内部粗大钙化型的回声灶小,且没有声影。在实性甲状腺结节中,这些小的回声灶可能是乳头癌中的微小钙化灶,因此被认为是高度可以恶性的,尤其是同时合并其他可疑特征时;这一类计为3分。

将以上5项得分求和,根据总得分,分为TI-RADS 5个等级:TR1(0分),TR2(2分),TR3(3分),TR4(4-6分),TR5(7分或以上)。最后,结合患者的TR等级和最大径来决定是否进行FNA或继续随访,见上图。

结节的大小测量

准确的测量甲状腺结节的大小非常重要,因为结节的最大径将决定是否对结节进行活检或继续随访。应测量3径的长度,纵切面和横切面分别测量上下径、左右径、前后径。

如何进行随访?

对于结节大小没有达到穿刺标准的,后续最佳的随访间隔,目前文献尚无共识。ASC委员会推荐,对TR5级的结节,前5年,每年复查1次;TR4级的,第1、2、3、5年复查;TR3级的,1、3、5年复查。如果连续复查5年后,结节大小没有变化,则提示这一结节非常可能是良性的,后续不需要再行复查。但如果在复查期间结节有增大,但大小仍没有达到穿刺标准,则后续可能还是需要继续复查。如果在复查过程中,结节的TR等级升高,无论最初的等级水平,之后每年需要复查。

需要穿刺的结节数目?

对3个或以上的结节分别进行活检,会增加穿刺风险,患者的耐受性也较差。因此,委员会推荐,穿刺结节数目不用超过2个,选择满足ACR TI-RADS总得分满足穿刺标准的,得分最高的结节进行穿刺。在决定对哪一个结节进行穿刺时,结节的大小并不是最主要的考虑因素。

总结

这一项目的主要目的是建立甲状腺结节的危险分层系统(ACR TI-RADS),从而帮助决策是否进行FNA和随访。ACR TI-RADS流程图指导临床医生根据超声表现对甲状腺结节进行标准化评分。后续,将评估不同观察者之间评分对一致性,ACS委员会也根据最新证据,对TI-RADS进行周期性更新。

原始出处:

Franklin N. Tessler, MD, CM. Franklin N. et al. ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 2017;14:587-595.

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    2017-07-16 rgjl
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    2017-07-16 kkunny
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    2017-07-16 10518094zz
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    2017-07-16 bbwznl
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    2017-07-16 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习。

    0

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    2017-07-15 执着追梦

    学习,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-15 哈哈869

    6

    0

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