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精索静脉曲张4种术式的临床疗效比较

2016-05-21 佚名 中华男科学杂志

本文转载自《中华男科学杂志》2016,22(4):311-314 原文作者:李虎、文艳玲、董超雄、何祖强、蒋涛、曾繁英、王锋锋 作者单位:广州市白云区第一人民医院泌尿外科、广州中山大学附属第六医院超声科 精索静脉曲张是青年男性最常见的泌尿系统疾病之一,在男性不育症患者的发病率(30%~40%)显著高于一般人群(15%~20%),也是男性不育症中最宜手术矫正的病因。对于症状严重、已经影响到

本文转载自《中华男科学杂志》2016,22(4):311-314

原文作者:李虎、文艳玲、董超雄、何祖强、蒋涛、曾繁英、王锋锋

作者单位:广州市白云区第一人民医院泌尿外科、广州中山大学附属第六医院超声科

精索静脉曲张是青年男性最常见的泌尿系统疾病之一,在男性不育症患者的发病率(30%~40%)显著高于一般人群(15%~20%),也是男性不育症中最宜手术矫正的病因。对于症状严重、已经影响到生活和工作的患者或经非手术治疗无效的患者,或精索静脉曲张已经引起睾丸萎缩、精液质量下降及造成不育的患者,则应积极手术治疗。精索静脉曲张的手术方法较多,没有统一标准。

1、腹股沟管精索静脉结扎术

取腹股沟上方斜切口,平行腹股沟韧带,长约3~100px,切开腹外斜肌腱膜、提睾肌,打开腹股沟管,游离精索静脉丛,分离精索静脉每一支,予以结扎,切除中间一段静脉管道。逐层缝合切口。

2、Palomo术

取髂前上棘与耻骨结节中点、腹股沟韧带上方50px处向外侧作平行腹股沟韧带的切口,长约50px,切开腹外斜肌腱膜,钝性分离腹内斜肌、腹横肌及腹横筋膜,推开腹膜,于内侧找到精索静脉丛,分离出3~4条静脉,予以结扎。逐层缝合切口。

3、腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术

患者气管插管全麻后,适当头低脚高位。利用Storz腹腔镜系统,建立气腹,分别取脐下缘、麦氏点和左侧相对麦氏点位置分别插入10mm、5mm、5mmTrocar建立通道,其中脐下缘处作为观察通道,在内环口的近端约2~75px处切开侧腹膜,利用分离钳进行一侧或双侧的精索静脉束的游离。用4号丝线结扎两道,不剪断,或者钛夹直接阻断即可。检查术野无损伤和出血,拔出Trocar,缝合切口。

4、显微镜下精索静脉高位结扎术

取腹股沟外环下阴囊皮肤与腹部皮肤交界处斜形切口,长约50px,提出精索,以橡皮片于输精管下方穿出,固定精索,再以另一橡皮片于输精管上方穿出,利用Leica显微镜于16倍率显微镜下,先结扎精索外扩张的提睾肌静脉,再找到睾丸动脉和淋巴管,以5-0丝线牵开保护。因睾丸动脉常有静脉伴行于血管鞘内,为避免漏扎静脉,可以在手术将完成时,用血管钳挑起精索,结扎细小的静脉,观察输精管及其动静脉,勿损伤。对于重度的精索静脉曲张,可将睾丸引带迂曲静脉一并结扎。移除橡皮条,逐层缝合切口。

对于有临床症状或合并精液质量异常的精索静脉曲张患者,国内外学者及专业学术机构一致推荐手术治疗。已有大量研究显示,手术结扎、切除曲张精索静脉后,可以保护睾丸受损的生精功能,同时促进间质细胞分泌雄性激素。

本文4种手术方法中,经腹股沟管精索静脉结扎作为传统的经典术式,因精索位置表浅,便于操作,上世纪末在基层医院已广泛开展应用。本研究中经腹股沟管手术组的并发症发生率及复发率均明显高于其他3组(P<0.05),结果与国内相关文献报道相一致。笔者认为这与腹股沟管精索内解剖结构精细相关,因部分精索静脉属支、睾丸动脉以及淋巴管细小,肉眼难以辨认,故术中漏扎属支、损伤睾丸动脉几率大。腹膜后精索静脉高位结扎术(Palomo术),因高位切口,静脉丛汇集,不易漏扎,从而降低了复发率和并发症发生率,但依然无法鉴别睾丸动脉和淋巴管,术后精液改善率不及腹腔镜组和显微镜组。腹腔镜手术治疗精索静脉曲张,操作简单、创伤小、手术时间短,尤其适合肥胖者、双侧精索静脉曲张患者、有腹股沟手术史及开放手术复发者。因其需进入腹腔操作,故存在并发肠梗阻、网膜气肿、腹腔血管及脏器损伤等严重并发症风险,且腹腔镜手术需特殊器械,设备投入较高,多需要全身麻醉支持,人员技术受到限制,虽住院时间短,但住院总费用相对较高,因而基层医院较难推广。

显微镜精索静脉结扎手术视野清晰、创伤少、切口隐蔽、术后瘢痕不明显,患者乐于接受,尤其是采用腹股沟下切口,还可以将睾丸拖出,处理引带静脉、明显的阴囊静脉丛。因其能保留睾丸动脉和大量淋巴管,显著减低了阴囊水肿或鞘膜积液的发生,且可在局部浸润麻醉下完成手术,手术效果优于其他术式。

本文回顾分析发现4种手术均能改善睾丸生精功能,提升精子活力和浓度。而就精液质量改善率比较,显微镜手术组显著优于其他3组,笔者认为显微镜放大手术视野使得精索静脉属支结扎更加彻底充分,术中保留睾丸动脉和淋巴管,更好地保护睾丸的循环血供,促进生精功能改善和恢复。睾丸动脉保留与否目前存在争议,有学者认为结扎睾丸动脉不会引起睾丸萎缩,但睾丸动脉作为睾丸主要营养血管随意结扎可影响睾丸生精功能。

综上所述,本文4种术式中,显微镜下静脉结扎术具有明显优势,已成为精索静脉曲张手术治疗“金标准”,所需显微镜设备较为低廉,系统学习容易掌握,适宜在基层医院开展。

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    2017-04-19 fusion
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    2016-05-22 忠诚向上

    看下,宝贝?!

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