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柳叶刀:乙状结肠镜检查可减少结直肠癌风险

2017-02-25 Charles 肿瘤资讯

近期发表在《柳叶刀》杂志上的一篇结直肠癌筛查文章,Wendy Atkin和他的同事报告了英国软式乙状结肠镜筛查试验(UKFSST)后17年的随访记录。这项随机对照试验纳入了170432名符合标准的男性和女性,分为干预组(提供一次软式乙状结肠镜检查筛查)和对照组(未接受),主要终点为结直肠癌发病率和死亡率。分析队列包括干预组57098人,其中40621(71%)接受筛查,对照组112936人。过

近期发表在《柳叶刀》杂志上的一篇结直肠癌筛查文章,Wendy Atkin和他的同事报告了英国软式乙状结肠镜筛查试验(UKFSST)后17年的随访记录。这项随机对照试验纳入了170432名符合标准的男性和女性,分为干预组(提供一次软式乙状结肠镜检查筛查)和对照组(未接受),主要终点为结直肠癌发病率和死亡率。分析队列包括干预组57098人,其中40621(71%)接受筛查,对照组112936人。过去的11年随访报告结果显示意向治疗(ITT)分析的风险比(HR)为0·77(95%CI 0·70-0·84),结直肠癌发病率为0·69,值得注意的是,因为该试验在基线水平只用了一次软式乙状直肠镜筛查,这些HR在另外6年里得以维持,其中现在的ITT分析发生率HR为0.74,死亡率HR0.70。
 
产生这样的结果有两个重要原因,首先是报告的关于远端结直肠癌发病率的降低,对我们理解腺瘤和结直肠癌的自然病史是有帮助的。其次,从公共健康角度,整体结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率的降低,提供了关于结合软式乙状结肠镜检查的最佳筛查程序设计所需要的数据。

由于过去在相当长的时间内,对是否保持结肠息肉完整的伦理问题以及腺瘤的自然病史,特别是关于对结直肠癌的定量转变率上,很大程度上是未知的。其中,转化率和间期的估计值主要来源于模型研究,而这些数据只涵盖了短时间的观察(5-10年)。Atkin及其同事的后续研究结果有可能为未来的建模工作提供帮助,并更好地了解腺瘤的自然病史。

在17年的随访中,基于Atkin及其同事对每个接受软式乙状结肠镜检查的受试者的有效性分析,远端结直肠癌的发病率的减少实际上略高(HR0.44 [95%CI 0·38-0·50])于11年时(0·50 [95%CI 0·42-0·59])。排除流行病例,假设这种发病率与实际筛查的对照组相同(40 621的126 [0·31%]),每个方案分析显示在17年随访时远端结直肠癌的发病率明显降低66%。除了用于监测结肠镜检查的这部分病例之外,这种预防全部归因于在基线处的单个软式乙状结肠镜检查。这些研究结果表明,从腺瘤形成和过渡到症状性结直肠癌在17年内的速度是相当低的。我们应当重新评估当前腺瘤自然病史的模型,以确定是否与长期结果一致。
 
该试验方案要求在基线筛查中发现高危患者进行结肠镜检查。实际筛查的40621人中,有1745人(4%)曾接受过监测。随着时间的推移,这项监测腺瘤和结直肠癌队列提供的信息将有助于了解持续发病率降低的各种组成原因。
 
从公共健康的角度来看,17年的随访发现整体结直肠癌发病率和死亡率降低,提出了是否一次软式乙状结肠镜检查可能是合理的筛查策略的问题。 在美国以外,结肠镜检查是结直肠癌筛查的主要方法,结直肠癌筛查指南通常建议单独或结合使用软式乙状结肠镜检查或基于粪便的检查。 然而,在这样一个框架内,存在几个问题的不确定性,包括如何(以及是否)将软式乙状结肠镜检查与大便检查相结合,开始和结束的年龄,以及筛查间隔。 UKFSST的扩展结果为这个问题提供了实质性的内容,尽管他们并没有提供确定的答案。
 
目前,英国国家筛检计划从2013年开始逐步实施,包括60-74岁人群的两年一次的FOBT,55岁时进行一次软式乙状结肠镜检查. 根据UKFSST的发现,在大多数使用FOBT的结直肠癌的发病率试验中,使用FOBT可能对结直肠癌发生率,特别是远端结直肠癌具有相对较小的影响,但近端结直肠癌类型方面具有获益。
 
在随后的FOBT(或FIT)检查情况下,试验设计者需要评估比如在第一次使用10-15年后第二次软式乙状结肠镜检查获益的可能性。 该试验结果表明,在减少结直肠癌发病率或死亡率方面,这种获益可能受到限制。 然而,研究人员表示他们计划在17年后继续随访,以便得到数据进一步证明可能性。
 
此外,有或没有粪便检测,另一个重要的问题涉及结肠镜检查的转诊算法。 鉴于在UKFSST中结肠镜相对较低的5%检出率,对近端结直肠癌不存在显著影响,因此,需要权衡转诊率和资源利用率(和患者危害)。 值得注意的是,在两次筛查期间,与该研究显示的结肠镜21.9%检出率相比,软式乙状结肠镜检查的前列腺,肺,结直肠和卵巢(PLCO)试验显示近端结直肠癌的发生率显著降低(相对危险度为0.86 [95%CI 0.76-0.97])。
 
Atkin及其同事的这些结果也可能与结肠镜检查有关。 虽然结肠镜检查被认为对于近端比远端结直肠癌收益少,但如果这些发现在相对意义上,结肠镜检查使近端结直肠癌在至少10年内的发病率降低,甚至保持到17年或更长时间,有可能促使美国重新评估结肠镜检查的10年标准间隔。
 
结直肠癌是可预防的疾病, 与宫颈癌一样,通过微创切除癌前病变来降低发病率和死亡率是一种有效方法,如果可能的话,应该充分利用。 软式乙状结肠镜检查,如该研究所示,出于资源节约的策略,即使只有一次,也显示了结直肠癌预防的潜力,但同样也漏掉了大部分潜在可预防和可治疗性癌症。筛查策略的评估,包括软式乙状结肠镜检查,结肠镜检查或大便检查,通常是比较结直肠癌病例其死亡或预防方面的筛查效果与筛查程序成本和资源.此次长期随访结果可以为研究人员提供额外的数据,以重新评估这些策略。

原文出处

Wendy S Atkin, Rob Edwards, Ines Kralj-Hans,et all.Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial.The Lancet logo.Volume 375, No. 9726, p1624–1633, 8 May 2010

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    2017-02-27 zhouqu_8
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