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The Lancet:反复发作的系统性肥大细胞增多症

2014-05-27 佚名 dxy

2008年5月,一名41岁的男子因反复发作严重的无已知诱发因素的面部充血、心神不安、恶心、心悸、头晕而在瑞典卡罗林大学湖丁格医院的过敏诊所就诊。患者首次发作时间为1988年4月,在咨询数位医生并接受了大量的医学评估后排除了代谢性疾病、心血管疾病、精神及神经系统疾病。患者共经历了97次发作,并根据发作的严重程度进行了分类。大部分发作的症状温和,但其中有六次患者须在急诊室接受肾上腺素或糖皮质激素治疗,

2008年5月,一名41岁的男子因反复发作严重的无已知诱发因素的面部充血、心神不安、恶心、心悸、头晕而在瑞典卡罗林大学湖丁格医院的过敏诊所就诊。患者首次发作时间为1988年4月,在咨询数位医生并接受了大量的医学评估后排除了代谢性疾病、心血管疾病、精神及神经系统疾病。患者共经历了97次发作,并根据发作的严重程度进行了分类。大部分发作的症状温和,但其中有六次患者须在急诊室接受肾上腺素或糖皮质激素治疗,偶尔会失去意识、大便失禁,需重症监护。

患者描述了一个很有趣的细节:“先是类似恶心的感觉,紧随其后是心律增快。脉搏可以达到150次/分。”首发症状可以持续10分钟,然后出现舌头发麻、大汗、面部和躯干潮红。偶尔还会有严重的呕吐,有时在医院还会记录到低体温(35.7°C)的情况。症状持续时间不一,严重时可持续30分钟以上。症状缓解后患者还会有严重的头痛、寒战、恶心及嘴唇和舌头肿胀,后遗症状可持续数小时之久。没有癫痫发作。

最初检查并未提示过敏,但患者的血清蛋白酶水平增加至160ng/ml(参考值≤11.4 ng/mL)。尿浓缩11β-PGF2α值(127 ng/mmol creatinine,参考值为≤35 ng/mmol creatinine)和白三烯E4(131 ng/mmol creatine,参考值≤70 ng/mmol creatine)升高,提示患者可能存在潜在的肥大细胞活化。骨髓活检见数个肥大细胞团块,肥大细胞异常表型CD2/CD25及KIT D816V突变。基于上述检查的结果,诊断为肥大细胞增多症。从2009年6月起,患者开始接受预防性应用地氯雷他定(15mg/天)、雷尼替丁(300mg/天)及孟鲁司特钠(20mg/天)。随访到2014年2月,患者未出现严重反应(56个月),近39个月以来未出现病情发作。患者仍随时携带肾上腺素注射剂。

肥大细胞增多症以多个器官的肥大细胞聚集、活化为特点。症状以肥大细胞相关介质释放为特点。特征性的症状是与肥大细胞介质释放相关的突然发作。最常见的是固定模式的过敏症状的反复自限性发生。因此,许多肥大细胞增多症的患者最初被认为是过敏。鉴别诊断具有挑战性,此例患者证实,肥大细胞增多症可以表现为患者的一个常见问题。姑且不论此例患者的特殊性,门诊和急诊医师接诊时,应把系统性肥大细胞增多症作为如此反复的短暂发作和过敏症状的一个可能的原因。患者的短暂发作缘于肥大细胞介质的释放,而目前的预防性治疗通常仅包括抗组胺剂,忽视了其他可能参与其中的介质。此例患者的用药组合了组胺及白三烯的抑制剂,有效预防了患者严重反应的反复发作。

原文出处

Gülen T1, Hägglund H2, Dahlén SE3, Sander B4, Dahlén B1, Nilsson G5.Flushing, fatigue, and recurrent anaphylaxis: a delayed diagnosis of mastocytosis.Lancet. 2014 May 3;

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