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中国功能性消化不良专家共识意见解读:定义和流行病学

2016-06-22 上海长海医院消化内科 邹多武 《中华医学杂志》

功能性消化不良(functional dyspepsia,FD)是一组临床综合征,且是经过检查未发现可解释这些症状的器质性疾病。FD在我国发病率较高,但我国上消化道恶性肿瘤发病率和H.pylori感染率均明显高于西方国家,而我国内镜检查费用又明显低于西方国家。此外,自2007年我国消化不良诊治指南发布后,国内陆续有不少FD相关的流行病学和临床诊治文章发表。2015年又发布了最新的京都H.pyl

功能性消化不良(functional dyspepsia,FD)是一组临床综合征,且是经过检查未发现可解释这些症状的器质性疾病。FD在我国发病率较高,但我国上消化道恶性肿瘤发病率和H.pylori感染率均明显高于西方国家,而我国内镜检查费用又明显低于西方国家。此外,自2007年我国消化不良诊治指南发布后,国内陆续有不少FD相关的流行病学和临床诊治文章发表。2015年又发布了最新的京都H.pylori胃炎全球共识。综上,有必要重新制订适合我国国情的FD诊治策略。《中国FD专家共识意见(2015年,上海)》(以下简称2015年FD共识)的修订采用了国际通用的Delphi程序,由全国各地本领域数名专家对草案进行讨论和多轮投票,直至达成共识意见。


2015年FD共识分为6个推荐级别:A+,非常同意;A,同意但有少许保留意见;A-,同意但有较多保留意见;D-,不同意但有较多保留意见;D,不同意但有少许保留意见;D+,完全不同意。条目的证据分为4个等级:高质量,进一步研究也不可能改变该评估结果的可信度;中等质量,进一步研究很有可能影响该评估结果的可信度,且可能改变该评估结果;低质量,进一步研究极有可能影响该评估结果的可信度,且很可能改变该评估结果;极低质量,任何评估结果都很不确定。


一、FD的定义


罗马Ⅲ标准中消化不良是指起源于胃十二指肠的一个或一组症状,主要包括上腹部疼痛、上腹部烧灼感、餐后饱胀感和早饱感。我国2007年消化不良诊治指南对FD的定义是指源于上腹部,血生物化学和内镜等检查均无异常发现,临床表现难以用器质性疾病解释的一组症候群,主要表现为上腹部疼痛或烧灼感、餐后上腹部饱胀感和早饱感,可伴食欲不振、嗳气、恶心或呕吐等。亚洲FD共识意见则将上腹部胀气也纳入定义中,因为多数专家认为上腹部胀气在亚洲消化不良患者中十分常见。国内一些研究也表明上腹部胀气在我国FD患者中亦较为常见。如一项针对福建省1 075例FD患者进行的调查发现,约55.2%的患者存在腹胀症状。吴改玲和柯美云对300例FD和器质性消化不良(organicdyspepsia,OD)患者研究分析,发现上腹胀、早饱和呃逆在FD组中更常见,而上腹痛在OD组中更常见。武汉协和医院的一项研究纳入了158例FD患者,通过统计学分析发现,15.2%的患者有腹胀症状,13.9%的患者存在上腹饱胀,其他主要症状为上腹痛(75.3%),此外还有上腹烧灼感(10.8%)、早饱(7.6%)、餐后饱胀(20.9%)。此次2015年FD共识对消化不良的定义亦将上腹部胀气纳入定义,具体表述为“消化不良指位于上腹部的一个或一组症状,主要包括上腹部疼痛、上腹部烧灼感、餐后饱胀感及早饱,也包括上腹部胀气、嗳气、恶心和呕吐等(证据等级:高质量62.1%,中等质量37.9%。推荐级别:A+ 82.8%,A 17.2%)”。


慢性消化不良症状可持续存在,可表现为间歇性发作或反复发作。罗马Ⅲ标准中FD的诊断标准要求病程6个月或以上者诊断为慢性消化不良。而亚洲FD共识中多数专家认为,对于亚洲人群来说,6个月及以上的病程时间作为诊断标准有些过长。日本一项研究发现,有消化不良症状的患者大多在病程6个月以内就会首次就医。参与亚洲FD共识制订的专家中,68%的专家认为FD的病程时间应设定为3个月。我国尚缺乏相关研究资料。但亚洲共识亦提出,设计FD相关研究时,应与罗马Ⅲ标准一致,病程仍以6个月为宜。许多器质性疾病、系统性或代谢性疾病均可出现消化不良的症状,诊断FD的关键点是要除外上述可引起消化不良症状的疾病。常见的疾病包括消化性溃疡、消化道肿瘤、肝胆恶性肿瘤、寄生虫感染、慢性胰腺疾病、甲状腺功能亢进和(或)减退、慢性。肾功能衰竭、电解质紊乱和部分药物治疗不良反应等。此次2015年FD共识提出“FD指具有慢性消化不良症状,但不能用器质性、系统性或代谢性疾病等来解释产生症状的原因(证据等级:高质量34.5%,中等质量65.5%。推荐级别:A+ 37.9%,A 41.4%,A一 20.7%)”。


二、FD的流行病学


国内外研究表明,因消化不良症状接受胃镜检查的患者大多在检查后被诊断为FD。如新加坡报道的一项对5066例消化不良患者的研究中,79.5%的患者在检查后被诊断为FDL。亚洲一项以罗马Ⅱ标准诊断的多中心研究显示,1115例消化不良患者经胃镜检查后,其中43%诊断为FD。国内2项研究则提示,有消化不良症状的患者经检查后诊断为FD的比例分别为69%和51%。但我国上消化道恶性肿瘤发病率较西方国家高,我国新近发布的恶性肿瘤流行病学数据显示,40~64岁胃癌患者占胃癌总数的53.4%。此外,结合我国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见,将40岁作为我国未经检查消化不良患者的警报年龄较为合适。此次2015年FD共识指出“无警报症状的未经检查的消化不良多数为FD(证据等级:高质量14.3%,中等质量75.0%,极低质量10.7%。推荐级别:A+ 65.5%,A 24.1%,A- 10.4%)”。警报症状指不明原因消瘦、进行性吞咽困难、反复或持续性呕吐、消化道出血、贫血、发热等症状和有胃癌家族史或40岁以上新发的消化不良症状者。


FD常与其他功能性疾病重叠存在,如IBS和GERD。国内外研究报道的FD与IBS、GERD重叠的发生率相差较大,可能与诊断标准、研究人群、社会文化或患者主观表述不同有关。目前认为FD与GERD重叠在亚洲人群中较常见。此次2015年FD共识亦赞同部分FD与IBS、GERD重叠。部分FD与IBS重叠(证据等级:高质量28.6%,中等质量67.9%,极低质量3.5%。推荐级别:A+ 71.4%,A 28.6%)。部分FD与GERD重叠(证据等级:高质量7.1%,中等质量92.9%。推荐级别:A+ 69.0%,A 20.7%,A- 10.3%)。


功能性疾病虽为良性疾病,但常反复发作,病程较长,患者多四处就医,重复做大量检查,不仅耗费大量医疗资源,给个人和社会均带来巨大经济负担,也使患者身心俱疲,严重影响其生活和工作,生命质量低下。此外,此类患者常合并精神心理障碍,易出现抑郁、焦虑,并影响睡眠质量。而精神心理异常可能会加重患者的临床症状,并可能影响患者的就诊时间、诊治经过,以及治疗方案和疗效。就此,2015年FD共识亦认为FD影响生命质量,其精神心理因素和社会经济条件会影响其就医行为。具体表述如下:FD患者生命质量下降(证据等级:高质量44.8%,中等质量55.2%。推荐级别:A+ 82.8%,A 13.8%,A-3.4%)。精神心理因素影响FD患者的就医行为(证据等级:高质量21.4%,中等质量71.4%,极低质量7.2%。推荐级别:A+ 72.4%,A 27.6%)。


总之,FD是我国常见的功能性疾病之一。在I临床工作中,应注意除外器质性、系统性和代谢性疾病引起的消化不良症状,对于有警报症状的患者应尽早予以相应的检查以明确诊断。此外,有学者认为功能性胃肠疾病的发病机制可能相似,因此常重叠存在。在实际工作中,应注意甄别,以便制订更有效、更有针对性的个体化诊治方案。


文献来源:中华消化内镜杂志,2016,36(04):231-232

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    2016-08-05 Mr.Li先生

    流行病学很重要

    0

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    2016-08-05 Mr.Li先生

    流行病学

    0

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915405, encodeId=d94d1915405f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22a1328e7e5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#功能性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32877, encryptionId=22a1328e7e5, topicName=功能性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=570f404, createdName=xlxchina, createdTime=Tue Oct 04 19:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1796864, encodeId=0f771e9686406, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=880121e1787' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中国功能性消化不良#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21717, encryptionId=880121e1787, topicName=中国功能性消化不良)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87f580, createdName=yilong5287542, createdTime=Mon Apr 10 12:55:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96108, encodeId=12a3961082f, content=流行病学很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96107, encodeId=5e6e9610eb4, content=流行病学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844482, encodeId=5ba418444822e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Tue Apr 18 11:55:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1411242, encodeId=b3f114112422c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91e96538eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#流行病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65387, encryptionId=91e96538eee, topicName=流行病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=xugumin, createdTime=Fri Jun 24 05:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90907, encodeId=adfe9090e2b, content=深刻学习,加以应用,服务患者, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=171, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-24 xugumin
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1915405, encodeId=d94d1915405f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=22a1328e7e5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#功能性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32877, encryptionId=22a1328e7e5, topicName=功能性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=570f404, createdName=xlxchina, createdTime=Tue Oct 04 19:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1796864, encodeId=0f771e9686406, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=880121e1787' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中国功能性消化不良#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21717, encryptionId=880121e1787, topicName=中国功能性消化不良)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=87f580, createdName=yilong5287542, createdTime=Mon Apr 10 12:55:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96108, encodeId=12a3961082f, content=流行病学很重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:14:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=96107, encodeId=5e6e9610eb4, content=流行病学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/IibQxuGJg8Nh1KeNMs1nZJeeldYs9olQSmfLFMSmc8OR6afKD5WrY1ktGibkd2ccEG1hMLcfjsTroQ86Z9scbvicQ/132, createdBy=3d661927529, createdName=Mr.Li先生, createdTime=Fri Aug 05 11:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1844482, encodeId=5ba418444822e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5d2f206482e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#专家共识#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20648, encryptionId=5d2f206482e, topicName=专家共识)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=568152, createdName=snowpeakxu, createdTime=Tue Apr 18 11:55:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1411242, encodeId=b3f114112422c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91e96538eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#流行病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65387, encryptionId=91e96538eee, topicName=流行病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=xugumin, createdTime=Fri Jun 24 05:55:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90907, encodeId=adfe9090e2b, content=深刻学习,加以应用,服务患者, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=171, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRkia1DP5MpwEgtXo1XhXA11xD6MWKxunAZFXKSNic0fWHUQx83oNHPlRMxxIctM83QKeCLkJpMibibiaC/0, createdBy=7e581734408, createdName=深海的鱼, createdTime=Thu Jun 23 08:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-23 深海的鱼

    深刻学习,加以应用,服务患者

    0

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