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同样是脑血栓,为什么中国那么多老人杵拐棍?

2015-07-07 陈青 文汇报

同样是脑卒中患者,中美两国患者的结局却截然不同——在美国,许多脑卒中患者康复以后可以和正常人一样生活工作,而在中国,患者往往可能出现严重后遗症失去生活自理和工作能力。 原因何在?中国康复医学会康复治疗专委会副主委、上海市第一人民医院康复科主任陈文华教授说,除了患者对脑卒中症状的早期识别、及时就诊之外,康复医疗的缺位是导致患者致残的主要因素。 现代医学有4个家族成员,预防医学、保健医学、临床医学

同样是脑卒中患者,中美两国患者的结局却截然不同——在美国,许多脑卒中患者康复以后可以和正常人一样生活工作,而在中国,患者往往可能出现严重后遗症失去生活自理和工作能力。

原因何在?中国康复医学会康复治疗专委会副主委、上海市第一人民医院康复科主任陈文华教授说,除了患者对脑卒中症状的早期识别、及时就诊之外,康复医疗的缺位是导致患者致残的主要因素。

现代医学有4个家族成员,预防医学、保健医学、临床医学、康复医学,其中康复医学的职能是让患者“虽病不残、虽残不废”。由于康复缺位,目前有许多老年患者生活质量不尽如人意。第四次国家卫生服务调查报告显示,我国近50%的老年人患有各种慢性病,近1/3的老年人长期活动受限,14.1%城市老年人生活起居不能自理。

日前在上海市中医医院,医生正帮助患者进行康复训练。叶辰亮 摄

康复医学可以改变什么

陈文华说,每个人在生命中的某个阶段都会有暂时或者永久性的功能障碍,步入老龄后,还或多或少地出现功能障碍,而且随着年龄的增长发生率随之攀升。

世界卫生组织和世界银行在2011年发布的《世界残疾报告》称,全球约有15%的人口身负残疾。而随着人口日益老龄化,这一比例将继续增长。在陈文华看来,康复是一项有益的投资,而不是一个简单的消费,康复能有效减少国家对有功能障碍人群的社会负担,让这些人群通过康复而恢复工作能力。

虽然康复医学同时是一个二级临床医学学科,但与其他临床学科不同,更关注病人“活动与参与的功能”,以获得独立能力,减少对家人和社会的依赖。陈文华解释说,康复医学并不是人们所理解的那样,单纯地练角度、练力量、做理疗、做按摩,其适用人群也不仅限于脑卒中,它几乎涵盖了骨科、神经内外科、心脏内外科等各个临床科室。如对于有胃、子宫等内脏下垂的患者,康复体操便是有效办法,而产科纠正胎位、锻炼腹部肌肉可帮助分娩,甚至年轻妈妈所关注的产后体形恢复问题,都属于康复医学范畴。

康复人才缺口有多大

卫生部几年前曾明确要求二级以上综合医院都要设置康复医学科,按设定床位数配备康复治疗师,开展以疾病、损伤的急性期临床康复为重点,并与专业康复机构或者社区卫生服务中心建立双向转诊关系,实现分层级医疗、分阶段康复,使患者在疾病的各个阶段均能得到适宜的康复医疗服务。

有数据表明,目前我国康复治疗师仅1.4万人,实际需要10万人;康复科医生1.6万人,实际需要3万人。如果按照人口比例来配比康复科医生,缺口更大。以上海为例,目前注册康复治疗师仅750余人,而按照国家的规定,上海应配备2000人左右。若按照世界卫生组织的相关要求,上海需要配备1.5至1.6万名康复治疗师。在美国每10万人口中就配备有60名康复治疗师。

陈文华强调说,有别于其它临床治疗,康复治疗几乎没有所谓的标准化治疗,其更强调的是“私人定制”,整个康复治疗过程耗时长,且需要有治疗师全程跟踪,并及时评估康复疗效,适时调整治疗计划。快速的老龄化对康复治疗的需求增加,加剧了人才紧缺的局面。

而与此形成鲜明对比的是,此前沪上知名的医学院校中,很多均未设康复治疗系,即使有培养的院校,也是学历层次偏低,或师资力量不够。据悉,上海杉达学院技术学院为建设师资队伍和培养“应用型”康复治疗专业人才,与上海市第一人民医院签约共同成立康复治疗系,并将引进国外适合中国老年化需求的技术与课程。在目前本科专业的基础上,为培养康复治疗硕士人才做准备。

康复是每个医生的事

康复治疗存在的问题不仅仅是人才的严重匮乏,更在于康复理念的缺失。据陈文华教授介绍,目前国内大部分医学院校没有把康复医学作为必修课。而在美国,大部分医学院将其设置为必修课,而且在美国临床医学教学中,康复的内容贯穿其中。如肝脏外科手术,必须把肝脏手术以后的康复放在里面。“从某种意义上来讲,患者的康复情况如何,取决于临床医生的理念。”眼下,公众也普遍存在“重治疗,轻康复”的问题,有的甚至对康复存在许多认识误区。如许多患者认为心脏支架植入术或是骨折后,卧床静养被认为是最好的康复方法。事实上,心脏发病或介入治疗后,患者不应一直保持平躺姿势,长期卧床缺乏活动,会引起全身体能衰减,从而导致体位性低血压及心功能减退,引起肌肉萎缩等。同样,骨折患者在骨折一两个星期后就可以接受非常积极的干预性治疗下地行走,三个月就可以独立行走了。“往往最保守的卧床治疗并不是最好的方法。”

科技的进步,正让康复训练摆脱程式化模式。陈文华介绍,最值得关注的是运动反馈和人机对话类运动训练器材。这类运动康复器材已普遍与游戏合为一体,能呈现运动中的力学信息,还客观地和计算机游戏结合。这些附加功能使游戏不只是“游戏”,而具备了完整的信息分析功能,包括平衡状态和位置信息分析等。“这是未来康复医学设备发展的大趋势之一。”

(原文标题:康复医学:被低估的医学家族成员)

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648638, encodeId=21b7164863825, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f00850e802' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑血栓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85078, encryptionId=7f00850e802, topicName=脑血栓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=007423623870, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Sun May 01 20:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31598, encodeId=f31a31598e8, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed Jul 08 12:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31423, encodeId=baa93142352, content=康复重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 13:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31415, encodeId=be5a31415d7, content=其实学这个不错的!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31414, encodeId=ee3731414eb, content=将来很有钱途!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:36:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-08 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648638, encodeId=21b7164863825, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f00850e802' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑血栓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85078, encryptionId=7f00850e802, topicName=脑血栓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=007423623870, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Sun May 01 20:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31598, encodeId=f31a31598e8, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed Jul 08 12:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31423, encodeId=baa93142352, content=康复重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 13:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31415, encodeId=be5a31415d7, content=其实学这个不错的!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31414, encodeId=ee3731414eb, content=将来很有钱途!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:36:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-07 午夜星河

    康复重要

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648638, encodeId=21b7164863825, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f00850e802' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑血栓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85078, encryptionId=7f00850e802, topicName=脑血栓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=007423623870, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Sun May 01 20:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31598, encodeId=f31a31598e8, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed Jul 08 12:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31423, encodeId=baa93142352, content=康复重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 13:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31415, encodeId=be5a31415d7, content=其实学这个不错的!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31414, encodeId=ee3731414eb, content=将来很有钱途!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:36:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-07 yydlt

    其实学这个不错的!

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1648638, encodeId=21b7164863825, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7f00850e802' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脑血栓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85078, encryptionId=7f00850e802, topicName=脑血栓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=007423623870, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Sun May 01 20:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31598, encodeId=f31a31598e8, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=156, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Wed Jul 08 12:19:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31423, encodeId=baa93142352, content=康复重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=133, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 13:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31415, encodeId=be5a31415d7, content=其实学这个不错的!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:37:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=31414, encodeId=ee3731414eb, content=将来很有钱途!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=150, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLCEEr4dM45RatXXGAkFCicnNYiasFiaRicicO1YWsIeTFOhgapauqib8Z8TChNB3ttVC5RqNHptDvAxA72Q/0, createdBy=a82a1611288, createdName=yydlt, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 12:36:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-07 yydlt

    将来很有钱途!

    0

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