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利用微波炉烹饪食物,真的安全吗?

2017-01-22 T.Shen 生物谷

如今,每个家庭厨房没有了微波炉似乎就显得装备不够齐全了,因为有了微波炉就能够让人们更加有效地去烹饪出多种不同种类的美味食物了,而且很多家庭设备都会使用微波辐射来进行食物的烹饪,这种电磁辐射类似于无线电波和红外线。

如今,每个家庭厨房没有了微波炉似乎就显得装备不够齐全了,因为有了微波炉就能够让人们更加有效地去烹饪出多种不同种类的美味食物了,而且很多家庭设备都会使用微波辐射来进行食物的烹饪,这种电磁辐射类似于无线电波和红外线。

尽管通常情况下微波炉被认为是安全的,但互联网上充斥着关于微波辐射对食物的危害,有些文章甚至声称,利用微波炉会诱发个体患白内障和癌症,而其它则认为微波辐射会快速消耗食物中的营养成分。如果你认为是这样的话,那么厨房中的“杀手”烤箱似乎就是一种让人望而生畏的厨房用具了,因此研究人员希望通过检测验证是否到底微波辐射真如互联网上文章说的那样具有危害性?

是否会让食物的营养快速消耗掉?

将生的食物通过多样的烹饪过程,比如加热或冷却,会对食物的物理特性、化学组成以及营养特性产生改变,如果利用微波炉会让食物中的营养成分消耗掉,这或许是因为过高的温度或者烹饪者烹饪的时间过长导致的,利用微波炉时将时间和温度完美结合或许就能够保持住食物的营养,同时还会改善食物的味道、质地和色泽。

当然烹饪食物所需要的温度和时间也依赖于食物的种类,高风险的食物,比如肉类、鱼类以及鸡蛋,需要加热到60度以上才是安全的。微波烹饪并不太可能会负面影响食物中的维生素以及其它和改善健康相关的化合物,比如,快速烹饪实际上还会帮助保持食物中有益化合物多酚类的存在,多酚类物质能够增加食物中总的抗氧化剂的活性(比如绿色蔬菜)。

在一项研究中,研究人员对比了微波加热蔬菜、蒸煮蔬菜以及压力烹饪蔬菜之间的差异,结果发现,压力烹饪的蔬菜会让蔬菜失去更多的不溶性纤维,而这些纤维对于肠道健康非常重要,而利用微波加热或蒸煮就不会让蔬菜失去过多的不溶性纤维。当在烹饪过程中,通常会被破坏的营养物质就是维生素C,机体缺乏维生素C会引发诸如坏血病等疾病,但相比微波炉而言,煮菜往往会让更多的营养物质丧失,因为很多水溶性维生素经常会在煮菜过程中流失到水中,而微波炉加热蔬菜则并不会让太多维生素流失。在微波炉中短时间的加热常常会保留蔬菜中大多数维生素C。

微波炉烹饪会让你患癌?

经常被研究的致癌化合物就是异环式芳香胺(heterocyclic aromatic amines,HCA),其是在富含蛋白质的食物中自然形成的物质,比如在烹饪的肉中或者鱼类中,如果肉类被烹饪的时间过长或温度较高则很有可能致使异环式芳香胺产生。

烹饪的方法是影响HCA产生的主要因素,有些研究人员通过研究发现,相比鸡肉煎、烧或烤而言,当其在微波炉中进行烹饪时会产生高水平的HCA;但并没有研究认为或表明经常摄入微波炉烹饪的家禽肉和个体患癌之间的关联。

而近来一项研究发现,相比微波炉烹饪的鱼肉而言,烤鱼中含有更高水平的HCA,而在微波炉烹饪的牛肉中却根本检测不到HCA的存在,此外在微波炉中重复加热此前烹饪好的肉类和鱼肉(几分钟)并不会产生额外的HCA。

跟食物的包装有关系吗?

有研究证据表明,当利用微波炉烹饪时,塑料包装中的化合物会“迁移”到食物中,而这个体个体患癌风险增加直接相关。但如今大部分使用的塑料容器、包装等都能够抵挡地住微波炉的加热。如果包装推向市场时能够用于微波炉加热的话,就会在包装上显示可用微波炉加热的标志,同时包装中也会明确指出如何利用微波炉对此类产品进行加热。在微波炉加热期间从外层包装中浸出有害的毒素或者致癌的化合物似乎在澳大利亚不太可能发生。

微波炉加热能杀灭有害病原体吗?

对食物进行合适烹饪能够有效降低食源性疾病发生的风险。如今利用微波烹饪的一大主要挑战就是因食物形状各异导致的加热温度不均匀的问题,你或许会注意到,当在微波炉中加热食物时,通常存在食物的热点和冷点,这无疑会暴露出潜在的食品安全性问题。当使用正确的温度和时间组合,利用微波烹饪食物时仅会杀灭病原菌,当温度达到60度以上则会杀灭常见的引发食源性疾病的病原体,但病原体产生的毒素可能具有一定的耐热特性。

如果食物中已经被能够产生毒素的病原体污染,那么微波烹饪可能会杀灭产毒素的病原体但并不会破坏毒素的结构,尽管有一定的温度和加热时间也不太可能分解毒素,这似乎能够也适用于其它烹饪方法,而合适的食物储藏对于有效降低食源性疾病的风险至关重要。

有效降低风险

1)避免过度烹饪蔬菜,降低营养物质的流失。

2)在使用微波炉之前,检查食物外包装的标签,遵循说明书进行食物的烹饪;

3)如果包装中并未标记利用微波炉烹饪是安全的,选择一种合适的微波容器来进行烹饪;

4)在烹饪期间不断旋转搅动食物促进热量均匀,同时也能够有效降低食源性疾病发生的风险,同时在摄入食物之前确保食物的温度合适。

5)时刻谨记,利用微波炉烹饪食物并不能够使得被污染的食物变得安全,如果食物霉变或被污染,一定要丢掉。

参考资料:

【1】What Are Microwaves?

【2】From cataracts to cancer: The REAL dangers of microwave ovens - and how to test if yours is leaking

【3】Why Did the Russians Ban an Appliance Found in 90% of American Homes?

【4】Food safety standards - temperature control requirements

【5】The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegetables

Food Chemistry   doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.038

【6】Effect of microwave and conventional cooking on insoluble dietary fibre components of vegetables

Food Chemistry   doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00259-5

【7】Explainer: what is scurvy and is it making a comeback?

【8】Health check: is it safe to microwave your food?

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    2017-01-25 天涯183

    相信科学。

    0

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    2017-01-24 yhy100201
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    2017-01-23 为了宝宝

    还没发现,不代表没有,科学发展真相才会浮出水面

    0

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    2017-01-23 xiaotaiyang1

    天天用,了解一下

    0

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    2017-01-23 天涯183

    相信科学

    0

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    2017-01-23 1debbfffm06(暂无匿称)

    学习了,感谢分享

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1647161, encodeId=a2e8164e161f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=02286e2683e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#烹饪#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67268, encryptionId=02286e2683e, topicName=烹饪)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9e923392426, createdName=gao_jian4225, createdTime=Wed Oct 04 02:17:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172517, encodeId=68231e2517cc, content=相信科学。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Wed Jan 25 10:14:56 CST 2017, time=2017-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1416757, encodeId=81d11416e579b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=27c710101804' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101018, encryptionId=27c710101804, topicName=食物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e3a33221853, createdName=yhy100201, createdTime=Tue Jan 24 14:17:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172184, encodeId=bd6d1e2184cc, content=还没发现,不代表没有,科学发展真相才会浮出水面, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161128/IMG583C2801690655672.jpg, createdBy=8d5d1986050, createdName=为了宝宝, createdTime=Mon Jan 23 15:53:06 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172162, encodeId=ddb51e2162bf, content=天天用,了解一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Mon Jan 23 13:52:45 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172144, encodeId=72801e2144fd, content=相信科学, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7LIiaRZTzJ3SEfiauCzTMPW7YvPPYLNJBXG9oh6Al1icq2VQQkIHWxqXehcicTS62YKJVBhxeth3wggw/0, createdBy=7ce01621306, createdName=天涯183, createdTime=Mon Jan 23 12:12:45 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172136, encodeId=d1931e21362e, content=学习了,感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=104, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d32a1717978, createdName=1debbfffm06(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Jan 23 11:06:00 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=172110, encodeId=f0c51e2110f0, content=学习了,知道了。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Mon Jan 23 09:57:58 CST 2017, time=2017-01-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-01-23 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了,知道了。

    0

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