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JCO:雄激素受体剪接变体与前列腺癌对恩扎鲁胺和阿比特龙耐药间的关系

2017-05-01 刘婧 肿瘤资讯

雄激素受体在前列腺癌的发展中起着非常重要的作用,通过雄激素剥夺治疗来抑制雄激素受体成为转移性前列腺癌的起始治疗。大部分病人,对雄激素剥夺治疗会有反应,但是随后这部分病人会表现出不同形式的复发及出现去势抵抗性前列腺癌。现在已经清楚是雄激素受体通过增加表达及扩增在去势抵抗性前列腺癌中仍起驱动作用。使得雄激素受体在去势抵抗中起作用的另一机理,即通过肾上腺中的前体类固醇使得瘤内合成雄激素(睾酮或二氢睾酮)

雄激素受体在前列腺癌的发展中起着非常重要的作用,通过雄激素剥夺治疗来抑制雄激素受体成为转移性前列腺癌的起始治疗。大部分病人,对雄激素剥夺治疗会有反应,但是随后这部分病人会表现出不同形式的复发及出现去势抵抗性前列腺癌。现在已经清楚是雄激素受体通过增加表达及扩增在去势抵抗性前列腺癌中仍起驱动作用。使得雄激素受体在去势抵抗中起作用的另一机理,即通过肾上腺中的前体类固醇使得瘤内合成雄激素(睾酮或二氢睾酮),在较小的程度上使得来自胆固醇的细胞从头衍生。这些合成的前体类固醇激素可以被CYP17A1酶显着抑制,比如阿比特龙(Zytiga, Janssen, Horsham, PA),已经成为转移性去势抗性前列腺癌的标准二线内分泌治疗手段。去势抗性前列腺癌中雄激素受体的活性,可以被与雄激素受体结合的竞争性抑制剂抑制,比如:恩扎鲁胺(Xtandi; Pfizer, New York, NY),其已经被美国食品药品监督局授权治疗转移性去势抗性前列腺癌。与早期的雄激素受体拮抗剂(比卡鲁胺,Casodex; AstraZeneca, Wilming- ton, DE)相比,恩扎鲁胺和其他的二代雄激素受体拮抗剂能够更有效的削弱雄激素受体与染色质的结合,从而使得拮抗剂更纯也更有治疗潜力。

去势抗性形成的机理

不幸的是尽管阿比特龙和恩扎鲁胺对接近半数的患者都有效,但大部分患者在治疗后1到2年会出现复发。这些复发的肿瘤似乎很大程度是独立于雄激素受体的活性而具有神经内分泌的特性,因此,通过其他的方法增加糖皮质激素受体,可能可以驱动雄激素调控基因的表达从而降低对雄激素受体的依赖。然而,似乎大多数去势抗性前列腺癌表达的雄激素受体水平都较高且具有持续的活性。雄激素受体中也会出现某些突变从而使得它可以被其他替代的配体激活,包括孕酮(位于CYP17A1上游)或皮质醇,变异中的一小部分可以使得雄激素受体被恩扎鲁胺激活。其他多重的机制,包括增加一些共激活蛋白或激酶途径,可能直接或间接的驱动雄激素受体在去势抗性肿瘤中的作用。此外,在Antonarakis 等研究者发表的论文当中,还有一些数据支持雄激素受体剪接变体所驱动的雄激素受体活性在肿瘤对阿比特龙和恩扎鲁胺的耐药中起主要作用。

雄激素受体剪接变体与ADT耐药研究

雄激素受体有一个N-末端反式激活结构域(外显子 1),一个DNA结合的中心区域(外显子 2 和 3)以及一个C-末端配体结构域(LBD; 外显子4-8) 。未配位的LBD在细胞质中保留了雄激素受体。当配体结合时,LBD 会发生构象变化从而使得雄激素受体进入细胞核并与DNA结合。雄激素受体会通过选择性剪接以产生具有外显子1-3但已删除LBD 的同种型。最常见的为雄激素受体变体7(AR-V7),其中外显子3在外显子3和4之间的内含子中拼接到隐藏性外显子(含有框内终止密码子)。这种变体所产生的截短雄激素受体蛋白中含有完整的N末端和DNA结合结构域,但已不包含LBD。这样导致的结果是这些截短的雄激素变体,不再需要与用于细胞核定位的配体结合,并且不受与LBD结合的拮抗剂如恩扎鲁胺的影响。重要的是忧郁在雄激素受体的N末端存在大量的转录活动,从而使得这种截短的雄激素受体的组成型活性可以在模型系统中介导对恩扎鲁胺和阿比特龙耐药的雄激素受体的活性。

AR-V7和其他雄激素变体在正常的前列腺组织和未经治疗的前列腺癌中能检测到的水平较低且功能不清。然而在去势抗性前列腺癌中AR-V7及完整的雄激素受体水平较高,且已有研究报道,AR-V7的高表达与雄激素剥夺治疗后肿瘤进展的时间缩短可能有关。此外还有关于去势抗性前列腺癌骨髓转移中AR-V7表达与恩扎鲁胺耐药间关系的研究。另一个与AR-V7类似的变体(去除了外显子5-7)和去势抗性前列腺癌的进展有关。

随附的文章是Antonarakis等研究者的研究,他们发现在恩扎鲁胺或阿比特龙治疗前,从去势抗性前列腺癌患者的循环肿瘤细胞中能检测到AR-V7的表达。在之前的研究中,基于循环肿瘤细胞能表达上皮特异性细胞表面蛋白质,故而能从外周血中获取循环肿瘤细胞,同时使用定量逆转录聚合酶链反应来评估这些细胞中的雄激素受体和AR-V7的全长。尽管在早期的研究中病人数量较少,通过这种方法所检测到的AR-V7阳性的患者中,没有人对阿比特龙或恩扎鲁胺的治疗有反应。随后的两项研究中也显示循环肿瘤细胞中表达AR-V7的患者对恩扎鲁胺或阿比特龙出现耐药。值得注意的是,后一项研究使用了独特的自动化免疫荧光方法(Epic Sciences,San Diego,CA)对未选择的细胞进行鉴定,以评估AR-V7的表达。在目前的研究中,对更大队列的,包含了202例的转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌进行了检测。此外,还对未检测到循环肿瘤细胞的患者进行了二线内分泌治疗情况的研究。对恩扎鲁胺及阿比特龙治疗有所反应的患者为40例(40/53)未检测到循环肿瘤细胞的患者、59例(59/113)检测到循环肿瘤细胞但AR-V7为阴性的患者、5例(5/36)检测到循环肿瘤细胞但AR-V7为阳性的患者。这些研究的结果清晰的指出AR-V7的表达与耐药有关,同时对于检测不到循环肿瘤细胞的前列腺癌患者,其对恩扎鲁胺和阿比特龙的治疗更能有所反应。在现在和既往研究中所存在的一个混杂因素是通过循环肿瘤细胞检测所发现的AR- V7阳性的患者,其前列腺癌的期别更晚、恶性程度更高,不论是在起始的Gleason评分中的体现还是体现在拥有更高水平的前列腺特异抗原及之前使用过阿比特龙、恩扎鲁胺或多西紫杉醇。尽管如此,在多变量的回归分析中,循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7的表达以及是否能检测到循环肿瘤细胞已成为是否会对阿比特龙或恩扎鲁胺治疗有所反应的独立预测因素,无疾病进展生存和总生存均相似。

在生物学上,这项研究进一步证明了:雄激素受体变体的表达有助于对雄激素剥夺治疗(特别是恩扎鲁胺或阿比特龙)后雄激素受体活性驱动及肿瘤进展。

然而,即使在具有较高水平AR-V7的阿比特龙或恩扎鲁胺的去势抗性前列腺癌中,仅有小部分的雄激素受体mRNA会进行选择性剪接。 因此,该类型的大多数肿瘤所表达的全长雄激素受体和AR-V7均一致地显着增加。由于雄激素受体通常作为二聚体结合DNA,这表明AR-V7可以作为同源二聚体或具有全长雄激素受体的异二聚体。在异源二聚体中,靶向雄激素受体LBD的新型药物(包括增强雄激素受体降解的药物)可能仍然有效。对于同源二聚体,则需要靶向雄激素受体 N末端或DNA结合结构域的新型药物来阻断AR-V7同源二聚体的作用。不幸的是,开发直接靶向雄激素受体N末端(大部分是非结构化的)或DNA结合结构域的药物是非常困难的。尽管如此,结合雄激素受体N末端结构域的试剂EPI-506目前正在进行Ⅰ期临床试验(ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02606123)。

循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7阳性的患者对阿比特龙和恩扎鲁胺治疗有效的可能性较低,且两项之前的研究证实,该类患者中的一小部分对多西紫杉醇治疗有效。从临床的角度来看,这些发现能否说明循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7的表达对治疗方案的选择有预测作用?在使用阿比特龙或恩扎鲁胺治疗失败的患者中,再使用靶向雄激素受体的药物且具有强烈治疗反应的可能性低。鉴于靶向雄激素受体的药物和多西紫杉醇的相对毒性,并假设患者的肿瘤不会快速进展的情况下,即使已经在检测到的循环肿瘤细胞中发现AR-V7阳性,也应尝试替代药物,因为一小部分的患者会对替代药物起效(治疗后短期内PSA不下降是这类患者耐药性的早期预测指标)。与此同时,未发现循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7阳性或未检测到循环肿瘤细胞的患者,也会支持替代药物的试验。因此,除了出现快速进展的患者,循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7阳性的患者的治疗决策不会受到影响,而对于未发现循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7阳性或未检测到循环肿瘤细胞的患者,则会选择推迟使用多西紫杉醇而选择靶向雄激素受体的替代药物。

在没有进行过阿比特龙和恩扎鲁胺治疗的患者中,不常出现循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7阳性的情况。这并不能预测这部分患者对恩扎鲁胺或阿比特龙治疗的治疗反应差,因为在现有的研究中,4例患者(4/15)对阿比特龙或恩扎鲁胺有反应。因此,在大多数情况下,不论是否存在循环肿瘤细胞中AR-V7阳性,都不太可能会对这类患者的治疗决策带来主要影响。基于这些考虑,短期内可能会主要在临床试验的背景下对AR-V7进行评估。随着更多新型治疗方案的应用,相关的检测手段在临床治疗中发挥着日益重要的作用。

点评

AR-V7是目前研究最多且在前列腺癌中表达最高的雄激素受体剪接变体之一,也是重要的雄激素剥夺治疗耐药的机制之一,耐药机制的阐明可指导开发更为有效的去势抗性前列腺癌的治疗策略,目前已有研究证实AR-V7的表达和内分泌治疗过程中到达PSA最低值时间为转移性前列腺癌患者总生存的独立预后因素,AR-V7可能成为去势抗性前列腺癌的治疗靶点。

原始出处:

Glenn J. Bubley, et al.  Association Between Androgen Receptor Splice Variants and Prostate Cancer Resistance to Abiraterone and Enzalutamide.  Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print April 17, 2017

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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-08 虈亣靌

    好好学习,涨知识

    0

  3. 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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-04 成恩

    r古塔厉害的,了

    0

  4. 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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. 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    2017-05-03 tofsw

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

  6. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed May 03 10:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193162, encodeId=29f9193162f9, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=74221626377, createdName=tofsw, createdTime=Wed May 03 07:36:31 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193096, encodeId=2c521930967c, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 03 06:03:04 CST 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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-03 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢分享。

    0

  7. 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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-02 wen2009

    学习

    0

  8. 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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-02 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    涨知识,学习了

    0

  9. 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time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-02 cqykthl

    前列腺癌继发耐药后的治疗选择

    0

  10. 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createdTime=Mon May 08 14:33:43 CST 2017, time=2017-05-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193501, encodeId=8ab219350177, content=r古塔厉害的,了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaEIkNwCMvcaJiclcUnbibMY8aNMrNCO1ZwiaS6Na5waERicZaIP2UbGVwHvdnTVHwOetJuQoy1zFYyCGqw/0, createdBy=d8891630715, createdName=成恩, createdTime=Thu May 04 06:26:28 CST 2017, time=2017-05-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350512, encodeId=f9731350512b2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a7689869104' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#雄激素受体#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98691, encryptionId=a7689869104, topicName=雄激素受体)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed May 03 10:41:00 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193162, encodeId=29f9193162f9, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=74221626377, createdName=tofsw, createdTime=Wed May 03 07:36:31 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193096, encodeId=2c521930967c, content=学习了,谢谢分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 03 06:03:04 CST 2017, time=2017-05-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=193010, encodeId=c4aa1930107b, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8732047543, createdName=wen2009, createdTime=Tue May 02 23:17:25 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192963, encodeId=062019296381, content=涨知识,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue May 02 19:05:51 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192835, encodeId=b629192835bc, content=前列腺癌继发耐药后的治疗选择, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NdicLmdJEK9VoiaDianY6fzHNN9iaGv80m39pMHU3eSnNN0kn1o0rdQ7Bz2f03Qibcf1ia7rKvxIt4UVlErF2d4gCmDC5/0, createdBy=98e31740255, createdName=cqykthl, createdTime=Tue May 02 11:23:38 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=192820, encodeId=b368192820b3, content=学习过了,值得分享。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Tue May 02 10:15:11 CST 2017, time=2017-05-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-05-02 明天会更好!

    学习过了,值得分享。

    0

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