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PLoS Pathog:哺乳动物体形越大患癌几率越小

2014-07-25 佚名 中新网

英国最新一项研究表明,哺乳动物体内的内源性逆转录病毒(ERVs)数量与其体形成反比,体形越大,内源性逆转录病毒的数量越少,相应地它们患上癌症的几率也越小。 在哺乳动物的进化史上,病毒扮演着重要角色。早在1000万年前,逆转录病毒就开始侵入到哺乳动物细胞中,有时候病毒会与宿主的基因组结合,从而一代一代传下去,这即是所谓的内源性逆转录病毒。因为这些病毒有可能会复制到基因组的其他部分,会增加致癌突变

英国最新一项研究表明,哺乳动物体内的内源性逆转录病毒(ERVs)数量与其体形成反比,体形越大,内源性逆转录病毒的数量越少,相应地它们患上癌症的几率也越小。

在哺乳动物的进化史上,病毒扮演着重要角色。早在1000万年前,逆转录病毒就开始侵入到哺乳动物细胞中,有时候病毒会与宿主的基因组结合,从而一代一代传下去,这即是所谓的内源性逆转录病毒。因为这些病毒有可能会复制到基因组的其他部分,会增加致癌突变的风险,因而被视为哺乳动物癌症风险的标志。

在该项研究中,英国牛津大学、普利茅斯大学和格拉斯哥大学研究人员,研究确认了包括人类在内的38种哺乳动物1000万年来基因组中留存下来的27711例内源性逆转录病毒。他们发现,随着动物体形的增大,其基因组中留存的内源性逆转率病毒会更多地被“编辑掉”,病毒数量会趋于减少。数学模型和基因组学研究表明,体重仅有19克的小鼠有着3331个内源性逆转录病毒,而59公斤重的人类只有348个,重达281公斤的海豚则仅有55个内源性逆转录病毒。

“哺乳动物的每个细胞中都可能存有内源性逆转录病毒,按照常理来说,体形较大的动物所拥有的细胞数量更多,其所拥有的内源性逆转录病毒数量也应该更多,也会更容易触发基因变异,但事实却非如此。”论文主要作者、牛津大学的阿里斯·卡佐拉斯基博士说。

他指出,这一研究首次表明,基因组中有大量内源性逆转录病毒是有害的,否则大型动物也不会在进化过程中限制它们的数量。从逻辑上讲,内源性逆转录病毒数量越多,与其有关的致癌突变风险就更大,而哺乳动物则通过进化来对抗这种风险。通过研究哺乳动物体内内源性逆转录病毒的分布模式,可以找到动物进化过程中癌症的“足迹”。

研究人员表示,虽然目前有研究表明,内源性逆转录病毒与一些动物(如老鼠)患上癌症存在关联,但还没有证据表明该病毒与人类癌症有直接关系。由于大型动物的病毒致病机制远比小型动物的病毒致病机制要复杂,因而关于内源性逆转录病毒是否会引发人类癌症,还需要进行更系统的研究。他们认为,相比于小型动物,大型动物体内可能拥有更为有效的抗病毒基因,而该假设一旦得到确认,那么就可以模仿这些机制来设计新的抗病毒疗法。

相关研究成果发表在《公共科学图书馆·病原体学》上。

原始出处:

Katzourakis A1, Magiorkinis G2, Lim AG3, Gupta S1, Belshaw R4, Gifford R5.Larger Mammalian body size leads to lower retroviral activity.PLoS Pathog. 2014 Jul 17;10(7):e1004214. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004214. eCollection 2014

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    2014-07-27 lq0307
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    2014-07-25 lovetcm

    难道大象不患癌?

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