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《Nature Biotechnology》:快速捕捉神经元活动的新方法

2017-07-06 生物通 生物通

神经科学家一直渴望捕捉包括决策在内的许多认知过程。但是因为它们往往只停留几分钟甚至几秒,导致这一梦想至今遥遥无期。麻省理工大学(MIT)和斯坦福大学联合研究小组如今开发出一种神经元活动标记方法,使某一时刻的神经活动快照捕捉成为可能。该方法比现有的细胞标记技术在时间上更精准,能捕捉跨越几小时或几天的窗口期神经活动。 “思考或认知功能通常持续30秒或1分钟。我们希望能捕捉到这个范围的神经活动

神经科学家一直渴望捕捉包括决策在内的许多认知过程。但是因为它们往往只停留几分钟甚至几秒,导致这一梦想至今遥遥无期。麻省理工大学(MIT)和斯坦福大学联合研究小组如今开发出一种神经元活动标记方法,使某一时刻的神经活动快照捕捉成为可能。该方法比现有的细胞标记技术在时间上更精准,能捕捉跨越几小时或几天的窗口期神经活动。

“思考或认知功能通常持续30秒或1分钟。我们希望能捕捉到这个范围的神经活动,”MIT脑和认知科学系助理教授、本文(6月26日的《Nature Biotechnology》文章)通讯作者Kay Tye说。

Tye设想有一种工具帮助破译参与学习和记忆的神经回路。于是,她和MIT前教授Alice Ting(现斯坦福大学遗传学和生物学教授)一起开发了FLARE(引申意思:黑暗中突闪的光)。文章第一作者是斯坦福大学博后Wenjing Wang。

当Ting还在MIT时,她和Tye经常漫步在Charles河边。大约5年前的一天,当她们讨论自己心中的梦之项目时,Alice问:“如果你能拥有一件目前还不存在的工具,你想它会是什么?”Tye回忆说:“我当时说‘我希望我能在功能上定义神经元细胞群,然后研究它们’。”

现有的工具允许研究人员对细胞进行基因改造,当神经元调高cfos基因表达,细胞就会响应新信息,人们还引入荧光蛋白或其他标记分子基因。动物暴露于系统激活药物时标记们开始表达。科学家通过这些系统(如光遗传系统)长时间控制神经,但是控制效果并不是很精确。

“这些活动导向型工具影响力极大,但它们的起效时间尺度有些真的需要以‘天’来计算,” Tye说。“考虑到以毫秒速度运行的神经代码,我想要一种工具快速记录某时刻的神经活动。”

由于神经元每次放电都伴随钙离子流动,于是她们设计了一种能响应钙离子的工具,使神经元虽然暴露在蓝光之中,但也只有钙离子通过才能被标记。

研究人员设计光和钙离子结合的触发方式,主要是为了激活被人工导入基因组中的一种促进靶标基因表达的转录因子。靶标基因编码荧光蛋白以及其他标记或操纵神经元的蛋白质。文中,当小鼠在跑步机上行走时,大脑皮层神经元细胞就开始表达mCherry红色荧光蛋白。

科学家们又一次扩大了神经元研究范围

FLARE也可以用光敏蛋白标记,让目标神经元受光遗传学控制;或者用一种名为DREADDS的新型蛋白质标记,使神经元受小分子药物控制。重要的是,由于所有FLARE工作组件都能用病毒载体呈递,因此,该工具适用于任何模式生物。

Tye说,作为一个快速运行工具,从此以后研究人员可研究脑部作出快速决策时的反应。当前版本可在几分钟内对神经元完成标记。但这只是第一代工具,我们将进一步缩短神经活动检测时间。目前,科学家们可用它识别引起阿尔兹海默症的患病神经元,精确定位需要治疗的细胞,保留附近健康神经元。

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    2018-01-02 liye789132251
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    2018-05-13 sunylz
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    2017-09-14 shock_melon
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