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Nat Cell Biol:能降糖,能断癌细胞的粮!MIT科学家揭秘二甲双胍限制肿瘤生长的机制

2018-07-22 奇点糕 奇点网

2005年,邓迪大学Josie M M Evans团队在顶级医学期刊BMJ上发表了一篇关于二甲双胍与糖尿病患者癌症发病率的论文。

2005年,邓迪大学Josie M M Evans团队在顶级医学期刊BMJ上发表了一篇关于二甲双胍糖尿病患者癌症发病率的论文。

他们分析了苏格兰地区31万人的数据发现,与使用其他药物治疗的2型糖尿病患者相比,使用二甲双胍治疗的2型糖尿病患者的癌症发病率下降23%。

这篇开创了二甲双胍抗癌作用先河的研究,在医疗圈引起了轩然大波。

随后,很多研究得到了二甲双胍的使用与糖尿病患者的癌症发病率和死亡率降低有关的结论。

在一些癌症动物模型中,研究人员也发现了一些粗线条的机制,例如二甲双胍可以激活LKB1/AMPK抑制mTORC1信号传导,可以促进癌细胞的凋亡,等等。

不过呢,就在我们以为已经接近真相的时候,2015年,刊登在《柳叶刀》杂志上的一篇论文显示,在一项双盲、随机、安慰剂对照2期临床试验中,添加常规糖尿病治疗剂量的二甲双胍,并没有改善吉西他滨和厄洛替尼治疗晚期胰腺癌的效果。

这是怎么回事儿?回顾性研究发现有效,正儿八经的临床研究又显示无效。

二甲双胍抗癌是假象,还是背后有不为人知的真相?

近期,MIT的Lucas B. Sullivan和Matthew G. Vander Heiden团队,以及洛克菲勒大学Kivanc Birsoy[8]在顶级期刊《自然细胞生物学》上背靠背发表的两篇论文,或许可以解答我们心中的疑惑。

他们发现,在肿瘤微环境中,天冬氨酸是肿瘤增殖的关键限速因素,缺少天冬氨酸,肿瘤的生长会被限制。二甲双胍之所以能抑制肿瘤的生长,正是与天冬氨酸有关。


Lucas B. Sullivan

我们都知道,在肿瘤微环境里面,氧气匮乏是限制肿瘤生长的一个关键因素。但是仅仅知道这一点,还不足以杀死肿瘤。如果我们能知道在氧气匮乏的条件下,哪个因素对肿瘤的生长影响最大,或许我们就可以给癌细胞来一次“落井下石”的致命打击。

但是,氧气匮乏影响的面实在是太广了。找到这个关键的“命门”实在是不容易。

好在,2016年Matthew G. Vander Heiden团队有个意外的发现:二甲双胍在减缓肿瘤生长速度的同时,降低了细胞中天冬氨酸的水平。


Matthew G. Vander Heiden

天冬氨酸是我们血液中浓度最低的氨基酸之一,它的对细胞生命活动至关重要,DNA合成,细胞供能都离不开它。然而,它进入细胞的效率非常低。在氧气充足的条件下,细胞可以自己合成天冬氨酸;但是在缺氧的肿瘤微环境中,天冬氨酸合成受阻。

不过,科学家并不能确定,天冬氨酸合成受阻到底是不是那块儿最短的板。

为了探究天冬氨酸水平是否真的是肿瘤生长的限制因子。Sullivan和Heiden团队想起了John G. Kidd在1953年的一个有趣发现,豚鼠体内有一种绝大多数哺乳动物都没有的酶——天冬酰胺酶(gpASNase1),可以把天冬酰胺转化为天冬氨酸。

于是研究人员将gpASNase1基因转入四种癌细胞:结肠癌、骨肉瘤、人和小鼠胰腺癌。让它们拥有“超能力”,可将天冬酰胺转化为天冬氨酸,而不会产生其他影响。这样就可以研究天冬氨酸在肿瘤增殖中的作用。

结果正如所料,用相关药物抑制细胞内天冬氨酸的合成后,仅仅依靠胞外补充天冬氨酸,不能恢复肿瘤细胞的增殖。如若换成天冬氨酰,gpASNase1转基因肿瘤细胞表现出极大的增殖速率。

更重要的是,体外低氧培养条件下,gpASNase1转基因肿瘤细胞相比于对照组,也能快速生长。

为了确定gpASNase1转基因肿瘤细胞是否真的将天冬酰胺变成了天冬氨酸用于自身增殖。研究人员将同位素标记的天冬酰胺注射到小鼠血液当中,发现小鼠体内gpASNase1转基因肿瘤细胞能够将天冬酰胺吸收转化成天冬氨酸。而且这些肿瘤细胞表现出较强的增殖能力。

这就表明,在缺氧的肿瘤微环境条件下,肿瘤细胞内的天冬氨酸水平确实是那块儿最短的板。正是由于天冬氨酸的水平过低,才导致肿瘤的增殖速度受到限制。


癌细胞获得天冬氨酸的两种方式

接下来,研究人员又用二甲双胍处理这些肿瘤细胞,发现它不能抑制gpASNase1表达的“超能”肿瘤细胞,只能抑制对照组细胞。如此看来二甲双胍抗癌活性确实是是通过消耗天冬氨酸实现的。一旦肿瘤有了个制造天冬氨酸的“超级机器”gpASNase1,二甲双胍也就毫无办法了。

不过,让研究人员感到意外的是,胰腺癌细胞表现很特殊。给它转个gpASNase1对其增殖情况并没有什么影响。实际上,一个2016年的研究也显示,胰腺癌细胞能够分解胞外蛋白质来供应天冬氨酸。

这也恰好与2015年那个研究暗合。二甲双胍在胰腺癌中不起作用的原因,也有可能就此真相大白。

不过,研究人员也表示,这件事情远没有这么简单。天冬氨酸对细胞如此重要,所以它的合成路径可能不止一个。例如胰腺癌就是个例外。实际上之前也有研究表明,葡萄糖能够促进肺癌细胞天冬氨酸合成。


Kivanc Birsoy

而洛克菲勒大学团队在分析了多种癌细胞之后发现,影响肿瘤获取天冬氨酸另一条途径是:有些肿瘤细胞可以通过通道蛋白SLC1A3的表达从外界直接吸收天冬氨酸。

这也暗示,要想通过限制天冬氨酸扼杀肿瘤,科学家可能还要考虑肿瘤的种类、基因的变异等很多问题。

原始出处:Sullivan LB, Luengo A, Danai LV, et al. Aspartate is an endogenous metabolic limitation for tumour growth. [J].Nature Cell Biology, 2018, 20(7):782-788.

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    2019-06-22 维他命
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    2019-04-22 liye789132251
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    2019-01-31 gracezdd
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    2019-06-22 sunylz
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    2018-08-10 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-07-24 yxch36

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