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警惕!腹腔镜下胆囊切除并发症有哪些?

2016-09-28 佚名 医学论坛网

腹腔镜下胆囊切除术是微创外科手术中比较成熟的一种,虽然因为其具有微创、肠粘连并发症少、对腹腔脏器干扰小、肠胃功能恢复快、住院时间短、无明显瘢痕等优点,受到越来越多患者的青睐,但与传统开腹手术相比,存在并发症发生率却相对更高,这会给患者带来诸多不良影响。因此,如何选择手术适应证,预防和及时发现术后并发症,及时进行处理和干预,是手术成功的关键,也是我们外科医生值得关注的问题。一、恶心呕吐恶心呕吐大多在

腹腔镜下胆囊切除术是微创外科手术中比较成熟的一种,虽然因为其具有微创、肠粘连并发症少、对腹腔脏器干扰小、肠胃功能恢复快、住院时间短、无明显瘢痕等优点,受到越来越多患者的青睐,但与传统开腹手术相比,存在并发症发生率却相对更高,这会给患者带来诸多不良影响。


因此,如何选择手术适应证,预防和及时发现术后并发症,及时进行处理和干预,是手术成功的关键,也是我们外科医生值得关注的问题。


一、恶心呕吐


恶心呕吐大多在术后24h内出现,临床上发生率高达60%。其原因是麻醉药物刺激中枢、吸入麻醉药物刺激胃肠道,其次是CO2人工气腹使腹内压力升高和形成高碳酸血症及有轻度酸中毒,刺激胃肠道机械感受器和化学感受器,使迷走神经兴奋性增高,兴奋催吐中枢所致。


术后持续氧气吸入可以加速排除腹腔内残留气体,纠正高碳酸血症,减少术后恶心、呕吐的发生率。对出现恶心、呕吐者注意保持呼吸道通畅,并注意返流误吸。一般在术后1~2d症状消失。


二、胆漏和腹腔感染


胆漏是最常见且最严重的并发症之一,它与腹腔感染是因果关系。胆漏主要来自胆囊床的迷走胆管、副肝管或夹闭不完全的胆囊管。有报道称术后胆漏的发生率为1.7%,常见原因多为胆囊管残端漏,为术中牵拉过紧造成胆囊解剖损伤变异,电凝烧灼过度造成热损伤,或因结扎不牢固,结扎线或胆囊管钛夹滑脱等所致。


胆汁性腹膜炎是其主要的表现,术后观察如有持续性腹痛,并伴有腹膜刺激症状,体温升高,白细胞计数增高,引流液呈胆汁样,即可判断为胆漏。此时因嘱患者绝对卧床休息3~5d,避免剧烈活动,保持引流管畅通,并适当给予抗感染治疗,严重者需再次手术治疗。


三、腹腔出血


腹腔出血一旦发生,75%的患者需再次开腹手术止血。常见的部位有胆囊动脉出血,Calot三角出血,胆囊床或胆囊床边缘出血,胆囊周围组织粘连出血。其原因多为胆囊动脉钛夹不牢固或滑脱、电凝坏死组织脱落、凝血功能障碍等。


这提示我们在行腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,要根据胆囊动脉存在的个体差异,对其动脉分支、走向及胆囊管、肝总管的汇合方式与位置进行细致探查,分离出胆囊动脉及胆囊管并单独行钛夹钳闭。术后严密监测生命体征,观察患者末梢循环情况,并记录引流液色泽、流量、性质,以判断是否出现休克状态。对短时间内引流出大量鲜红血液,要紧急予以处理。


四、胆管损伤


胆管损伤发生率为0.65%~0.70%,主要是因为Calot三角解剖模糊不清所致,多见于慢性萎缩性胆囊炎,其周围纤维结缔组织增生、水肿粘连,术中分离困难,易将胆总管夹闭而损伤;或是胆总管解剖异常,胆囊管开口过高,胆囊颈部与胆总管粘连,也可能将胆总管误认为胆囊管夹闭剪断;或因十二指肠韧带松弛,胆囊管牵拉过度而损伤;过度肥胖患者十二指肠韧带脂肪堆积,术野显露不良,操作易发生损伤。


如术中发现胆道损伤,应中转开腹争取一期修复。如术后证实胆道损伤,要尽快进行手术探查修复,最好在一周内。如患者全身情况差,腹腔内感染严重,可行充分引流2~3个月后再行二次手术。


五、胆总管残余结石


胆总管残余结石的发生主要是因为术前对病情估计不足,未考虑到胆总管下段结石的存在和移行的可能,以致术后余石残留。


术后有余石残留的发生率约为0.75%,部分患者术前胆管就已存在小结石,术后移行阻塞胆道;胆囊炎症致胆囊内压力升高或胆囊管扩张,手术操作的牵拉和挤压也会使残余结石进入胆总管。


术后要注意观察患者是否腹痛、发热等,如结石引起胆道梗阻合并感染时出现Charcot三联征即腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸,要予以紧急处理以防病人出现感染性休克。


六、皮下气肿


皮下气肿是腹腔镜手术特有的并发症,主要原因是术中气腹压力过高,腹内持续正压,CO2经腹内手术区被分离撕裂的腹膜破损区进入皮下形成气肿,多发生于胸腹部、阴囊等处,局部表现为捻发感。患者术后回病房后,应观察患者皮温及皮下有无气肿、血肿等,少量气体可自行吸收,无需处理。若为大量气体时则作抽气、吸氧等紧急处置。

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    2016-12-24 丁鹏鹏
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    2016-10-03 Carlos007

    如何选择手术适应证,预防和及时发现术后并发症,及时进行处理和干预,是手术成功的关键,也是我们外科医生值得关注的问题

    0

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