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强生、直观外科正面PK,肺部介入机器人将成为新风口?

2021-01-25 动脉网 动脉网

医疗器械巨头的收购动向可以说是观察手术机器人领域的“时刻表”,在纷繁复杂的手术机器人的研发赛道中,被巨头相中的赛道,或许在未来更具爆发潜力。

医疗器械巨头的收购动向可以说是观察手术机器人领域的“时刻表”,在纷繁复杂的手术机器人的研发赛道中,被巨头相中的赛道,或许在未来更具爆发潜力。

从近年来全球巨头在手术机器人这一赛道中的布局中,我们可以发现包括骨科手术机器人、腹腔镜手术机器人等刚性机器人在全球已经进入白热化的商业化阶段,包括美敦力、捷迈、直觉外科、史塞克都在这些领域商业化产品,而柔性手术机器人则还方兴未艾。

柔性手术机器人和刚性手术机器人最大的不同在于,柔性手术机器人可以随着周围环境变形,比较适合于非结构化的场景。

柔性手术机器人赛道将是手术机器人赛道中的重要板块,从现有的产品尝试上看,柔性手术机器人治疗疾病覆盖了肺部、胃肠道、颅内等多个重要领域。

在柔性手术机器人赛道中,目前最值得关注的是肺部介入手术机器人,这个领域频频被巨头看好,并购事件和金额远超手术机器人其他赛道。在一级市场中,头部的企业也在今年完成了融资。

就在上周,医学内窥镜领域的龙头以3.4亿美元的价格收购了主营肺部介入导航的公司Veran Medical Technologies(VMT),价格高达3.4亿美元。

此前,强生同样曾以天价34亿美金收购呼吸道手术机器人Auris Health。VMT和Auris Health都是肺部介入领域的重要公司,前者的强项是肺部导航,后者的强项是手术机器人。

除了强生、奥林巴斯外,在肺部介入领域有产品布局的巨头还包括美敦力、达芬奇手术机器人母公司直觉外科。

为什么肺部介入领域会不容巨头错过,纷纷入局并购和投入研发?在肺部介入领域目前有哪些产品形态?未来肺部介入手术机器人将朝着哪些方向发展?动脉网(微信号:vcbeat)梳理了肺部介入领域的主要企业和主要研发方向。

肺部介入手术机器人 图源Auris health

肺部介入以延伸深度为核心

实际上,在人体很多器官的治疗中,包括胃、肝脏、结肠等器官,现代医学都朝着内镜技术快速迈进。以消化道为例,消化内镜经过一个多世纪的发展,已经从单纯的诊断工具发展成为微创治疗的重要手段之一。

但是在肺部,目前使用内镜进行深入检查都还比较困难。这主要是由于肺内部拥有很多分支,掌握每一根气管走向很困难,同时肺内部的每一根支气管还会逐渐收窄。准确地进入肺内部活检以及延伸介入治疗,一直以来都是一大难题。

同时,肺部疾病领域又存在着巨大的未满足的需求,肺部的早期诊断是肺癌治疗的关键。肺癌作为致死率最高的癌症,被称为“沉默的杀手”,而且其发病率和致死率还在不断上升。

在我国,报告统计数据显示,2015年中国新确诊的肺癌病例总数约为78.7万(由于全国肿瘤登记中心的数据一般会滞后数年,最新报告发布数据为2015年登记资料)。

根据美国肺脏协会(ALA)发的《2020肺癌状况报告》中的数据显示,在美国,23%的肺癌病例在早期阶段被确诊,此时的五年生存率为59%。22%的肺癌病例在局部晚期(扩散至局部淋巴结)被发现,此时的五年生存率为32%;47%的病例直到晚期才被发现,此时的生存率已经低至6%。

在肺癌的早期诊断中,CT影像可以发现肺部的结节,但只有活检才可以确诊病变是否是癌症。肺癌活检的方式包括支气管镜检查和经皮穿刺术。

但即使有这两种方式,在活检确诊中,周围型病变的精准活检一直是一大难题。

对于支气管镜而言,位于肺门部位的中心型病变,支气管镜的活检确诊率较高。而对于周围型病变,支气管镜难以到达病灶,导致获得病理诊断的几率较低。根据Auris Health官网的数据,大约40%的肺结节都是在气道外。

而经皮穿刺活检是通过CT或X射线扫描确定肺部病变位置,经过胸口皮肤将穿刺针穿进肺部病灶,获得活检组织,这是目前诊断周围型实质病变的常用方法。但经皮穿刺活检不适用于微小结节。同时,经皮穿刺活检取材未查到癌细胞并不能完全排除肺癌,有假阴性风险。同时还易发生气胸等并发症。

解决现有的活检的方式的局限,让医生能够实时掌握肺部气道分支的走向,在肺部活检时,实现全肺触达。这成为肺部介入机器人在诊断这一场景中的意义。

但肺部介入机器人的意义远不仅于此,未来机器人将会成为一个肺部介入平台,搭载不同的治疗工具,打开肺部微创介入治疗大门。

美敦力、强生等巨头布局,但路径各有不同

在柔性手术机器人上建立肺部介入诊断+治疗的平台化产品,在目前的产业格局中,已经有多家手术机器人企业布局,包括美敦力、强生、直观的产品都已经进入商业化阶段。

产品列表.png

从目标上看,所有的产品都是为了实现全肺到达,但在实现路径上,有着很大的不同。产品思路可以分为两种,一种产品设计思路是内窥镜+导航软件;另一种是做介入手术机器人平台,里面搭载内窥镜、活检钳、微波消融等诊断或治疗产品。

前一种思路内窥镜+导航产品的代表是美敦力的superDimension?导航系统。这一系统能够在医生使用支气管镜时提供导航。

superDimension?导航系统实现的路径是通过CT扫描建模,建造病人肺部的3D模型。3D模型将成为医生进行活检时的“地图”。

有了地图后,还需要完成对导管位置的定位。superDimension?导航系统的支气管镜导管前端设置了传感器,可以在手术中向3个磁极和电磁定位板发射信号。通过放置在患者身下的电磁板,可以做到定位支气管镜位置。

在导航+支气管镜定位的帮助下,医生可以到达更深的肺部,到达病灶后,导管中的活检刷和活检钳就会伸出,取出病变组织。

在这个过程中,CT建模的模型并不是实时生产的,而是在术前建立,中间存在一定的时差,而呼吸运动可能会影响肺结节的位置。如何补偿这种误差,是一种关键。

后一种思路手术机器人的代表则是强生的Auris Health,以及直观外科的Ion endoluminal。肺部介入手术机器人可以实现实时导航,机械臂可以在医生操作手柄下主动前进。

手术机器人和电磁导航产品最大的区别在于,手术机器人的操作导管是主动式的,内窥镜+电磁导航产品是被动操作式。

主动式代表着医生通过手柄控制机械臂导管,机械臂可以在操作下自动前进,有着机器人的特征。

依靠手柄一样的控制器操作,能够让医生实现对支气管镜的完全控制,保证在通过支气管树的小区域时实现精准的动作。而被动式则是由医生直接控制操作内窥镜导管。手术机器人内镜可以解决内镜操作医师长时间工作的疲劳问题以及有效缩短操作医生插入过程的培训周期。

华创资本生命科学组投资人卢汉杰表示:“主动式的软性机器人对于末端控制的精度更高,它可以实现自动的转弯。而电磁导航的导管往往需要预弯后进入。肺部介入手术机器人是一个系统平台,而电磁导航更类似于耗材产品。”

除了操作上的不同外,机器人内窥镜产品的肺部导航是实时导航。

在肺部模型的建立上,手术机器人和电磁导航类似,都是通过CT影像建立。在导航定位的技术上,Auris采用了复合的定位技术,结合了三种不同的导航技术,电磁学、光学模式识别和机器人运动学数据来测量支气管镜位置的过程中,并进行支气管镜检查的医师提供准确的位置数据。

如何保持末端刚性成为研发难点

为什么肺部的各种形式的微创介入会受到巨头的青睐。首先是因为肺部还有着很大的探索空间。同时软性内窥镜设备创新满足临床术式的需求,从诊断发展到治疗平台也是内窥镜行业发展的趋势。所以奥林巴斯、澳华内镜等内窥镜厂家会较为关注。

微创医疗机器人公司此前也宣布布局了支气管手术机器人,并已完成首例机器人辅助支气管镜肺泡灌洗术。微创医疗还与新加坡NDR Medical Technology(以下简称“NDR”) 公司达成战略合作协议并成立在华合资公司,负责“NDR”产品在大中华地区的经销、制造和联合研发。“NDR”研发的经皮穿刺手术机器人可应用于经皮穿刺肺活检术和经皮肾镜取石术。

入局肺部介入手术机器人领域意味着要解决双重难题,一方面是涉及内窥镜系统的研发,另一方面是关于手术机器人系统的研发。

在内窥镜系统的研发上,内窥镜的研发涉及许多精密结构设计与加工技术。内窥镜零件尺寸小,薄壁零件多,加工精度要求高,另外需要满足生物相容性要求,零部件适用材料局限性大。除了硬件的高精密度加工外,在图像处理上,需要低损失图像信号传输技术、分光染色技术和调光算法,才能呈现低延时、高跟随、清晰明亮的图像。

在手术机器人的研发上,柔性机器人和刚性手术机器人有很大的不同。柔性手术机器人有着更高的操作自由度,但也无可避免地导致柔性手术机器人存在较低的力施加、较差的可控制性和缺乏感测能力。

内镜手术机器人需要在有限体积内依靠电机完成高精度的镜体进退、旋转、弯曲,替代医生完成插入内窥镜的过程。所以最大的难题在于如何把柔性机械臂做长,同时末端还要保持一定的刚性。只有末端保持一定的刚性,才能保证一定的操作精度和稳定性来执行外科手术。同时只有柔性机械臂够长才能达到远处的手术目标。

在完成性能指标的同时,电控内镜要保证患者的绝对安全,因此需要设计完善的安全保障功能,这些功能涉及到一系列微型传感器的使用和风险检测算法。

但值得注意的是,在手术机器人打造治疗平台并非是叠积木一样简单的游戏。底层技术和平台首先要足够坚实,才能够承载多种治疗套件。

华创资本生命科学组投资人卢汉杰认为:“以高温水蒸气的慢阻肺的介入治疗为例,目前国内外都有企业在尝试开发组合产品,但想要搭载高温治疗产品,也就要求手术机器人机械臂是耐高温的。再以光源为例,如何配置调光和染色算法,让图像呈现的是医生熟悉的图像,即使是出血等复杂环境下也能看清楚,也都很重要。所以柔性手术机器人不是组合拼凑的产品,而是需要从零去表达系统。”

最难的是,在完成高性能的研发的同时还需要控制成本,降低临床商业化的难度。

手术机器人的机械臂造价一直不菲,在以往的手术应用中,依然有一部分患者可以支付。

但诊断与治疗不同,在所有的医疗体系中,诊断产品要发挥最大的商业价值,前提是覆盖足够的人群。高价重复消耗耗材的商业模式,或许很难适配诊断这一场景。

在诊断场景中,如何选择适合本土医疗体系的商业模式也值得思考。

目前,强生的Auris肺部诊断机器人面向患者端一次诊断的价格为两千多美元,对于一次活检来说不算平价。但美国医疗体系中由保险付费,商业保险对于能够早期发现疾病的技术付费意愿较强。在整个医疗体系中,早筛早诊意味着更长的用药期,所以在医疗生态圈中,药企也是很有动力去推动早诊技术的落地。

但国内的环境和国外存在很大的差别,国内的医疗体系由医保付费,而医保有着不小的控费压力。手术机器人这样高价的产品,能否找到适合的商业模式,实现在临床中大规模的应用,目前还是一大难题。

未来趋势:野心不仅仅在于诊断,有机会成为治疗平台

从现有的解决方案来看,肺部的支气管镜活检这个功能或许算不上一个很大的市场,规模也很难撑起一个赛道。

为什么包括美敦力、强生、直觉外科这样的巨头都愿意躬身入局,因为诊断只是第一步,未来肺部介入产品将有机会成为诊断+治疗平台,打开肺部介入这一市场。

而强生当年斥巨资收购的Auris Health,经过两年的发展,产品形态和布局也逐渐显露。原来,强生当初收购Auris Health看中的不是手术机器人这一形态,也并非是布局手术机器人这一业务,而是看中Auris Health的可以根据自然腔道延申的柔性机械臂。强生将Auris Health的肺部介入机器人与其收购的另一家NeuWave Medical(2016年3亿美元收购)的组织微波消融技术结合,在2020年推出了经支气管微波消融产品。这一产品在2020年7月获得FDA授予的突破性设备称号。

美敦力也在肺部介入领域推出了CoreCath?2.7S电外科设备,与柔性支气管镜产品结合,用于在上呼吸道和气管支气管树中切除软组织阻塞,提供电外科止血功能,并在此类手术过程中排空手术烟雾。除此以外,美敦力还在尝试将superDimension与Emprint消融导管结合,在肺部展开经支气管镜的介入消融治疗肺癌。目前这一产品尚只获得CE认证。

来自中国的一家创业公司堃博生物也在研发InterVapor 热蒸汽治疗肺气肿系统,通过高温水蒸气方式治疗慢阻肺。

各家企业的布局已经显示了肺部导航+微创治疗的这一产品研发趋势。在介入产品上开发治疗产品,不仅延伸了诊断产品的诊断功能,能够形成1+N的产品矩阵,最大程度上利用产品价值。

无论是电磁导航支气管镜(electromagneticnavigation bronchoscopy,ENB),还是肺部介入机器人,目前在临床上的应用都还尚属早期,在未来10年还需要收集更多的证据来证实这种技术的安全有效性。

但可以预见的趋势是,在未来十年内能够帮助医生在肺内自由探索的导航式支气管镜或者其他形式的引导支气管镜,都将受到密切关注。

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    2021-04-15 dengyazhou

    学习了

    0

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=957406, encodeId=238295e406cd, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a2fd1620398, createdName=dengyazhou, createdTime=Thu Apr 15 21:04:18 CST 2021, time=2021-04-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1271746, encodeId=86b012e174682, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2c6c501e578' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#强生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50175, encryptionId=2c6c501e578, topicName=强生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=de89102, createdName=liuyong2980, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 08:56:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1322128, encodeId=ec291322128e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=890c611854e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#机器人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=125, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61185, encryptionId=890c611854e, topicName=机器人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d139492, createdName=xue8602, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 08:56:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1583280, encodeId=fd961583280c4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f6e1611840d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#机器#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61184, encryptionId=f6e1611840d, topicName=机器)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=13dc16973127, createdName=ms6279672939590805, createdTime=Wed Jan 27 08:56:56 CST 2021, time=2021-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=919853, encodeId=82d691985363, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8e465455785, createdName=ms3000001188646769, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 21:48:10 CST 2021, time=2021-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=919825, encodeId=64ea919825fa, content=学习<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7cc35455524, createdName=奥斯丁非, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 18:46:48 CST 2021, time=2021-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=919815, encodeId=3c609198152e, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=83ec5455618, createdName=ms8000002000106074, createdTime=Mon Jan 25 18:19:18 CST 2021, time=2021-01-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2021-01-25 ms3000001188646769

    学习了

    0

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    2021-01-25 奥斯丁非

    学习#学习#

    0

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    2021-01-25 ms8000002000106074

    学习

    0

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