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Elife:光遗传学与免疫工具结合,有望成为癌症治疗强大工具

2016-02-06 王英 生物通

免疫疗法是癌症研究的一个热门领域。毕竟,利用人体自身的细胞来对抗癌症,比起对整个系统产生损害的有毒化学物质,更为有效和更加低创。 美国德克萨斯A&M大学(Texas A&M University)健康科学中心生物科学与技术学院助理教授Yubin Zhou博士,致力于研究如何用光来控制免疫系统,并诱导其对抗癌症。Zhou博士2003年6月毕业于浙江大学医学院,2007年在美国乔

免疫疗法是癌症研究的一个热门领域。毕竟,利用人体自身的细胞来对抗癌症,比起对整个系统产生损害的有毒化学物质,更为有效和更加低创。

美国德克萨斯A&M大学(Texas A&M University)健康科学中心生物科学与技术学院助理教授Yubin Zhou博士,致力于研究如何用光来控制免疫系统,并诱导其对抗癌症。Zhou博士2003年6月毕业于浙江大学医学院,2007年在美国乔治亚州立大学获博士学位,曾在La Jolla研究所和哈佛医学院从事研究工作。他说:“虽然神经系统科学家很早就用光来刺激神经元,但这是第一次将称为光遗传学的技术,应用于免疫系统。”在神经科学中,这个过程涉及基因工程细胞,用光敏微生物产生蛋白,并使神经细胞暴露于一种特定颜色的光时,会发送或停止发送神经冲动。Zhou说:“使用该技术,神经科学家已经了解了关于脑电路的许多信息,现在其它许多领域的研究人员正在做这样的尝试。”

在过去的一年里,光遗传学技术与CRISPR等技术一起,成为生命科学领域的热门技术。并被《Nature Methods》评选为2016年最值得关注的几项技术之一。Zhou和他的合作者已经修改了这项技术用于免疫系统。这不是一件容易的事:与神经细胞不同,免疫细胞不使用微小的电脉冲来交流。此外,免疫细胞在身体深处,并不断地移动,所以光可能很难到达它们。

这一发展采取了一些独创性和合作。Zhou说:“我们与麻省大学医学院的Gang Han博士合作,他致力于生物纳米技术和光医学发展。同时,我们能够将国家最先进的光遗传学方法与尖端纳米技术结合起来。”这种方法称为光遗传学免疫调节,相关结果发表在最近《eLife》。北京师范大学的王友军教授也是本文共同作者。

Zhou说:“这项工作是由实验室的优秀科学家完成的:研究生Lian He、Peng Tan,博士后Guolin Ma博士,他们勇敢地承担了这项艰巨的工程,克服了所有的具有挑战性的障碍,使这种技术变成现实。”

用这种方法,研究人员可以控制免疫细胞的作用,并“指导”它们杀死癌细胞。他们使用近红外激光束——可以穿透到深处,在本研究中,意味着深入到组织内一两厘米的深度,在那里,一个纳米粒子把近红外光变成蓝光,并指导基因工程免疫细胞的活动。Zhou说:“我们能够以无线方式控制深埋在组织中的免疫细胞的作用。”

该研究小组通过基因工程设计了免疫细胞,使一种钙调节蛋白变得对光敏感。当它们接触到纳米颗粒发出的蓝光时,其钙离子门打开。当切断光线时,钙离子门关闭。更多的光会导致更大的钙离子流,所以研究人员能够很好地调节免疫细胞的钙依赖性行为,对抗入侵的病原体或肿瘤细胞。

当向一个动物肿瘤模型注射纳米粒子和感光基因工程免疫细胞后,近红外激光束可引起钙通道打开,这将提高免疫反应帮助杀死癌细胞。Zhou说:“该技术降低了肿瘤大小和转移,因此有很多的应用价值。”

这种方法的一个优点是,它只会激活某些类型的免疫细胞、树突状细胞或T细胞,只在身体的一部分,靠近引流淋巴结或肿瘤,这有助于减少化疗中经常见到的副作用。它也是光可调的、非侵入性的,并且具有很高的时间分辨率,换句话说,当需要时它可以打开,当不需要时它可以关闭。

这项研究的影响是深远的。Zhou说:“其他科学家将可能使用这种技术,帮助他们研究免疫、心脏和其他类型的细胞——它们使用钙来执行任务。这是一项相当酷的技术。有了这些工具,我们现在不仅可以解决我们以前从未解决的基本科学问题,也可以将它转化到诊所用于疾病干预。”

同时,Zhou的实验室已经应用这种技术,构建了一种方法来更有效地筛选潜在的抗癌药物。Zhou说:“如果成功的话,所有这些努力将能显著改善当前的癌症免疫疗法,将个性化治疗精确到何时和哪里需要,同时减少副作用。”

原始出处:

He L, Zhang Y, Ma G, Tan P, Li Z, Zang S, Wu X, Jing J, Fang S, Zhou L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Hogan PG, Han G, Zhou Y.Near-infrared photoactivatable control of Ca(2+) signaling and optogenetic immunomodulation. Elife. 2015 Dec 8;4. pii: e10024. doi: 10.7554/eLife.10024.

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    2016-11-11 clmlylxy
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    2016-11-19 膀胱癌
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    2016-02-07 1de3b290m83(暂无匿称)

    他山之石

    0

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    2016-02-07 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

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随着近年来科学家在表观遗传学领域研究的深入,人们开始希望通过体外刺激的方式来控制体内细胞尤其是神经元细胞的状态。这一领域有着广阔的应用前景,如治疗黄斑病变等遗传病。以此为基础,光遗传学等学科纷纷被建立起来。不过,目前为止,为了实现这一目标,研究人员不得不对神经元进行基因改造。这也极大阻碍了这一技术的普及。最近来自芝加哥大学和伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校的研究人员们在这一领域实现了突破。研究人员利用远红外

Cell:光遗传学鉴定强制性进食神经基础

吃到美食(尤其是甜食)根本停不下来,相信每一个吃货都有过这样的经历。对于人类来说,进食已经不仅是生存需要更是一种享受,甚至是一种“瘾”。 现在,强迫性进食和糖瘾已经成为了人类健康的重要威胁,但对此进行干涉又可能会影响正常的进食行为。本期Cell杂志上发表的两项研究,通过光遗传学技术将正常的进食行为与寻求奖赏的进食分开,鉴定了强制性进食的神经基础,为治疗这种疾病提供了新的靶标。

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