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破坏性生殖技术让“设计婴儿”正成为现实,超人可能不是梦想

2017-02-03 MedSci MedSci原创

美国布朗大学医学科学教授艾利·阿达西、哈佛大学法学院教授格伦·科恩、医学院院长乔治·戴利在日前出版的《科学转化医学》杂志发表论文,讨论了在实验室培养皿中制造出精子和卵子——所谓的“体外配子(In vitro gametogenesis, IVG)”技术的理论意义和可能会引发的伦理问题。 文章指出,最近已有多项实验证明,科学家们能在实验鼠身上使用IVG技术。不过,由于存在不少技术壁垒

美国布朗大学医学科学教授艾利·阿达西、哈佛大学法学院教授格伦·科恩、医学院院长乔治·戴利在日前出版的《科学转化医学》杂志发表论文,讨论了在实验室培养皿中制造出精子和卵子——所谓的“体外配子(In vitro gametogenesis, IVG)”技术的理论意义和可能会引发的伦理问题。

文章指出,最近已有多项实验证明,科学家们能在实验鼠身上使用IVG技术。不过,由于存在不少技术壁垒,人类配子无法由其他人体细胞制成,IVG目前尚不能在人体进行。作者们在文中写道:“生殖医学和再生医学领域的进步超乎我们的想象,在不远的将来,科学家们或许能在实验室培养皿中制造出人类精子和卵子,这一可能性为治疗不孕不育带来希望,但也会引发巨大的伦理问题,比如‘设计婴儿’,我们现在应该未雨绸缪,进行广泛而深入的探讨,提出相应的管理措施。”

实验鼠身上获成功

IVG指的是在实验室培养皿中,利用多能干细胞制造出精子和卵子细胞。这些多能干细胞可能是胚胎干细胞,或者诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)。科学家们通过对一些“成年”细胞(比如皮肤细胞)进行重编程,使其“变身”为iPS细胞,这种细胞能再次变成多种类型的细胞。

最近已报道了几个在老鼠身上开展IVG取得成功的例子。如2016年,日本科学家报告称,他们能在实验室培养皿中重现完整的实验鼠卵子生成过程。通过对实验鼠的胚胎干细胞或iPS细胞进行重编程,让其变为原始生殖细胞;接着将这些细胞同其他支持老鼠卵子发育的细胞混合,在实验室培养皿中制造出一个“卵巢”;然后向培养皿中添加多种激素及其他化合物,诱使这些细胞发育成卵子细胞。这些卵子细胞同精子结合,孵化出了一群健康的幼鼠。

此外,2016年2月,中国科学家首次实现小鼠胚胎干细胞体外分化并获得具有功能的精子细胞,且成功用其繁衍出老鼠后代。在实验中,南京医科大学沙家豪教授和中国科学院动物研究所周琪院士、赵小阳教授(现单位为南方医科大学)等人选取老鼠的胚胎干细胞,再用化学物质、激素和睾丸组织等加以引导,使之成为精子,再通过人工授精的方法将其注入老鼠卵细胞,成功使卵细胞受孕,并培育出健康的老鼠后代。

因此从理论上来说,科学家们或能借助IVG技术,用成年人的皮肤细胞制造出人类的精子和卵子。

阿达西、科恩和戴利在论文中指出:“种种科学突破表明,通过对实验进行不断地优化,科学家们在不远的未来,可以借助人类干细胞,在实验室制造出卵子和精子。”

好处与争议并存

科恩表示,如果把IVG技术用在人类身上,将彻底变革医生们通过试管受精(IVF)治疗不孕不育症的方式。目前,有生育问题的妇女可能会求助IVF,治疗期间,她们一般需要接受几周时间的激素注射来刺激卵子生成,然后通过手术取得卵子。

IVG不需要这些步骤,而且,如果女性无法使用自身卵子,也不需要找到卵子捐赠者。这一方法还能产生大量卵子和精子细胞,让科研人员更容易研究胚胎和某些疾病的发育过程,加深对生殖细胞的科学理解。

但IVG也可能引发新的伦理问题。比如,诊所可能会为客户制造数十个卵子或胚胎,让父母从中挑选出“理想”的胚胎,加强了人们对“设计婴儿”的担忧。此外,IVG可能使人们利用单个人的细胞生成精子和卵子,从而制造出“单亲婴儿”。不过,科学家们目前并不清楚来自男性的细胞是否能产生卵子或者相反,以及“单亲婴儿”是否存在与双亲孩童同样的健康问题;最后,如果精子和卵子细胞能由皮肤细胞制造而成,人们可能会在毫无知觉的情况下成为父母,这也会引发大量问题。

研究人员还强调,论文中提到的有些令人忧心的情景要想变成现实,可能需要对人类遗传学进行更深刻的理解。“然而,即使在现阶段,我们也应该讨论IVG可能会引发的伦理问题。”


原始出处:

I. GLENN COHEN. Disruptive reproductive technologies.Science Translational Medicine 11 Jan 2017: Vol. 9, Issue 372, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2959

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    2017-02-04 杨柳青青

    也是挺可怕的事情……

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174119, encodeId=22841e4119db, content=也是挺可怕的事情……, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=91, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eeef1960262, createdName=杨柳青青, createdTime=Sat Feb 04 09:13:46 CST 2017, time=2017-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174117, encodeId=b21d1e4117c0, content=科学一定要造福人类, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Feb 04 09:10:17 CST 2017, time=2017-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174095, encodeId=2fd11e4095dd, content=当伦理阻碍了科技的进步,新的物种将会在打破伦理的那部分中产生, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM5rqTiaMSVSkFAupcTECOTdcVRmJQXbibJoicv5ibhcpa0vj5MGmac8wlPjuGnJISZGtOnC7rW0gbLuSE7iaEvAn0CC52ZhnRLdxtlQ/0, createdBy=1e291737907, createdName=1df01bccm39(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Feb 04 08:15:51 CST 2017, time=2017-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174089, encodeId=d0041e4089b0, content=科学是把双刃剑, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eotHc7cjrVcIHD9L2n3LzcQo1WSYledtExBOM76QRXV0FrtWOsoLNA9xaJmBjsBFwPvC7fNarGfAg/132, createdBy=531e1939570, createdName=一个尘埃, createdTime=Sat Feb 04 07:26:17 CST 2017, time=2017-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174075, encodeId=75421e407582, content=好处与争议并存, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Sat Feb 04 06:59:15 CST 2017, time=2017-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=174043, encodeId=b6471e404334, content=谢谢了,学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=30331616752, createdName=txqjm, createdTime=Sat Feb 04 00:11:12 CST 2017, time=2017-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-04 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    科学一定要造福人类

    0

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    2017-02-04 1df01bccm39(暂无匿称)

    当伦理阻碍了科技的进步,新的物种将会在打破伦理的那部分中产生

    0

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    2017-02-04 一个尘埃

    科学是把双刃剑

    0

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    2017-02-04 半夏微凉

    好处与争议并存

    0

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    2017-02-04 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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