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Brain:脑影像学进展确定阿兹海默症传播发展的关键蛋白,老年痴呆有救了

2018-01-08 佚名 medicalxpress

最近在脑成像方面的进展首次表明,在阿尔茨海默氏病中,一种导致神经细胞死亡的关键蛋白在整个大脑中传播,因此阻止它的传播有望阻止这种疾病的蔓延。


PET scan of a human brain with Alzheimer's disease. Credit: public domain

最近在脑成像方面的进展首次表明,在阿尔茨海默氏病中,一种导致神经细胞死亡的关键蛋白在整个大脑中传播,因此阻止它的传播有望阻止这种疾病的蔓延。

据估计,全世界有四千四百万人患有阿尔茨海默病,这种疾病的症状包括记忆力问题、行为改变和逐渐丧失独立性。这些症状是由大脑中两种异常蛋白质的积累引起的:淀粉样β蛋白和τ蛋白。人们认为淀粉样β首先发生,鼓励了τ的出现和传播,而正是后者破坏了神经细胞,吞噬了我们的记忆和认知功能。

直到几年前,只有在验尸后,才能通过检查已经死亡的阿尔茨海默氏症患者的大脑来观察这些蛋白质的积累。然而,正电子发射断层扫描(PET)的最新进展使科学家们能够开始对仍然活着的病人进行成像:病人被注射放射性配体,这是一种与目标结合的示踪分子(τ),可以用PET扫描仪检测。

发表在《大脑》杂志上的一项研究中,剑桥大学的科学家们领导的一个研究小组描述了一种结合成像技术的方法,研究了17例阿尔茨海默氏病患者的τ模式与大脑连线的关系。科学家们一直在猜测着τ在整个大脑中的具体表现。一种假设是有害的τ从一个地方开始,然后扩散到其他地区,引发连锁反应,这种称为“跨神经元传播”的观点得到了小鼠研究的支持。当一只老鼠被注射异常的人类τ时,蛋白质在整个大脑中迅速传播;然而,这一证据是有争议的,因为比在人脑中观察到的τ含量高得多,注射的τ的数量要高得多。这种蛋白质在小鼠大脑中迅速传播,而在人脑中缓慢传播。

还有另外两个相互竞争的假设。“代谢易损性”假说显示,τ是在神经细胞中局部制造的,但有些区域有较高的代谢需求,因此更容易受到这种蛋白质的影响。在这些情况下,τ是细胞窘迫的标志。

第三个假说是“营养支持”,也表明一些大脑区域比其他区域更易受伤害,但这与代谢需求无关,更多地与区域缺乏营养或基因表达模式有关。由于PET扫描技术的发展,现在可以比较这些假设了。

研究人员表示:“五年前,这种研究是不可能的,但由于成像的最新进展,我们可以检验这些假设符合我们所观察到的。”科学家们研究了老年痴呆症患者大脑的功能连接,换句话说,他们的大脑是如何连接起来的,并将其与tau蛋白水平进行比较。他们的研究结果支持跨神经元传播理念。

“如果跨神经传播的理念是正确的,那么大脑区域是最高度连接的,这和我们在流感中所看到的一样,例如,拥有最大区域的人最容易染上流感,然后传染给其他人。这正是我们看到的。”

“在阿尔茨海默病,头为最常见的脑区,首先出现内嗅皮质区是旁边的海马,“记忆区”。这就是为什么老年痴呆症最早的症状往往是记忆问题。但是我们的研究表明tau蛋白会扩散到大脑,感染和破坏神经细胞,从而使患者的症状变得越来越严重。跨神经蔓延假说的验证是非常重要的,因为它意味着我们可能会减慢或通过阻止tau蛋白,可以使用沿着神经元的药物来阻止阿尔茨海默病的进展。”

该研究小组还调查了17例患者的另一种形式的痴呆症影响,被称为进行性核上性麻痹(PSP),一种罕见的疾病,会影响平衡,视觉和语音,但没有记忆。在PSP患者中,tau蛋白倾向于在大脑的底部而不是在整个脑内。研究人员发现,这些患者tau蛋白积聚的模式支持了第二个假设,即代谢脆弱性和营养支持,而不是tau扩散到大脑的想法。

研究人员还将患者纳入疾病的不同阶段,研究tau蛋白积聚如何影响大脑的连接。在阿尔茨海默氏症患者中,他们发现,随着tau的形成和损伤网络,连接变得更加随机,这有助于解释这种病人典型的混乱和混乱的记忆。

在PSP中,健康个体携带大部分信息的“高速公路”受到的损害最大,这意味着信息需要沿着更间接的路线在大脑中传播。这可能解释了为什么当被问到一个问题时,PSP患者可能反应迟缓,但最终会得到正确的答案。

原始出处:

Thomas E Cope, Timothy Rittman, Robin J Borchert, et.al. Tau burden and the functional connectome in Alzheimer’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain 05 January 2018

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    2018-01-15 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-01-12 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.涨知识

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    2018-01-08 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

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    2018-01-08 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.继续关注

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