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胰岛素注射,你做对了吗?

2017-11-12 蒲林莉 医学界内分泌频道

随着人们生活水平的提高及饮食结构的改变,糖尿病的患病率越来越高,2010年我国性糖尿病流行病学调查结果估测全国18岁以上成人糖尿病患病率为11.6%。血糖是否达标成为我们关注的重点,胰岛素注射治疗在其中起到非常大的作用,而患者对胰岛素注射的认识及操作上仍存在不少误区,常见如下:


上海中医药大学附属龙华医院内分泌科 蒲林莉

随着人们生活水平的提高及饮食结构的改变,糖尿病的患病率越来越高,2010年我国性糖尿病流行病学调查结果估测全国18岁以上成人糖尿病患病率为11.6%。血糖是否达标成为我们关注的重点,胰岛素注射治疗在其中起到非常大的作用,而患者对胰岛素注射的认识及操作上仍存在不少误区,常见如下:

1/认识误区

1胰岛素用了就“戒不掉”,需终身注射(×)

很多初发的2型糖尿病患者,在血糖很高的时候使用胰岛素治疗能快速使血糖达标,降低高糖毒性,同时给自身胰岛细胞“休假”,往往注射1周~3个月后可换回口服药物降糖。1型糖尿病及多种口服降糖药物联合使用后血糖仍不达标者除外。

2使用胰岛素会对胰岛细胞造成破坏,加速病情进展(×)

恰恰相反,注射外源性的胰岛素能使自身胰岛细胞免于高强度工作,对其具有保护作用,一定程度上有助于胰岛细胞功能的恢复。

3注射胰岛素就不能/不需要口服降糖药物(×)

胰岛素的作用是降低血糖水平,一些高胰岛素血症及存在胰岛素抵抗的患者,仍需使用二甲双胍等增敏剂增加机体对胰岛素的敏感性;此外,DPP-4抑制剂尚有抑制胰高血糖素分泌的作用,α-糖苷酶抑制剂可抑制碳水化合物在小肠上皮细胞的吸收,通过不同途径与胰岛素协同降糖。

2/操作误区

1家中备用、未开封的胰岛素笔芯存于冰箱冷冻柜里(×)

未开封的胰岛素应储藏在2~8℃、避免阳光直射和反复震荡的环境当中,因温度<0℃或>25℃均会影响胰岛素的活性。而研究表明已开封的胰岛素可室温保存28天。

2为了省钱,胰岛素注射针头重复使用(×)

重复使用针头不仅是我国患者常见现象,也是全球糖尿病患者普遍存在的问题,必须引起高度重视。因重复使用后针头中残留的药液一方面会影响注射剂量的准确性,一方面药液易形成结块堵塞针头妨碍下一次注射;针头重复使用次数越多,皮下脂肪增生的患病率越高;注射后针头留在胰岛素笔上还易导致空气或其他污染物进笔芯,存在安全隐患。

3为了省钱,选择长针头(×)

注射目标是将胰岛素可靠地输送至皮下组织内,确保无漏液、无不适,选择针头长度需个体化,考虑患者的体形、胰岛素类型和生理特点。通常针头越短、安全性越高,耐受性更好。

4为了节省,家中2人或以上糖尿病患者使用同一支胰岛素笔(芯)(×)

即使无肉眼可见血液,那些肉眼观察不到的微量血液由于其风险存在却不易察觉而更加令人担心。若血液反流至笔芯,即使换用新的针头也会导致疾病的传播。

5为了方便及减轻疼痛,胰岛素长期在同一部位注射(×)

胰岛素属于生长因子,有促合成作用,反复在同一部位注射会导致该部位皮下脂肪增生而产生硬结,导致药物吸收率下降、吸收时间延长,进而导致血糖波动。人体适合注射胰岛素的部位按吸收速度快慢顺序为:腹部>手臂>臀部>大腿, 因而前注射短效胰岛素最好选择腹部,注射中、长效胰岛素时希望减缓胰岛素的吸收速度最好选择臀部。患者可使用皮肤标记笔,每周使用一个等分区域并始终按顺时针方向轮换,在任一个等分区域内注射时,连续两次注射距离应间隔至少1 cm。




6为了节省,胰岛素注射前没有进行针头预填充(×)

在注射前应该使用些许胰岛素来预填充针头,保证针尖处有胰岛素流出为止,这样更能保证注射胰岛素剂量的准确性。

7预混胰岛素注射前没有进行正确有效的摇匀(×)

预混胰岛素是两种起效及维持时间不同的胰岛素的混合物,在注射前须摇晃混匀,若混匀不充分易造成胰岛素浓度不稳定,从而影响降糖效果及引发低血糖。正确的混匀方式为翻转+滚动,即10秒内10次上下充分颠倒,5秒内10次掌间水平滚动,同时避免剧烈摇晃产生气泡。

8注射前没有保持注射部位的清洁及干燥(×)

为保证安全性,注射前应保持局部皮肤清洁以防感染;若用酒精擦拭,应待干燥后再行注射以防酒精从针眼被带到皮下引起疼痛。

9注射时针头与皮肤表面始终保持垂直(×)

这与注射针头的长度及皮下脂肪的厚度有关。若针头长度<4mm,一般垂直注射即可;若针头>4mm,体形消瘦者需提捏皮肤或倾斜一定角度进针,以防针头刺入肌层而剧痛、出血或加快胰岛素吸收。

10注射后立即拔出针头,未待药液完全吸收(×)

因胰岛素笔的针头较细,药液注入体内需要的时间相对较长,且随着注射剂量的增加吸收速度更慢,所以推荐注射时针头停留时间至少10秒。

当然,在胰岛素注射的众多注意事项当中这里只是冰山一角,但其要领只在“安全”、“有效”两词。最后附上规范胰岛素注射标准9步骤:





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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:55:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-17 jyzxjiangqin

    胰岛素的应用.

    0

  4. 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    2017-11-14 深海的鱼

    学习学习学习

    0

  5. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:55:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-13 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:55:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-13 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

  7. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:55:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-13 杨利洪

    学习了提高了

    0

  8. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:55:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-13 刘煜

    阅读.谢谢分享

    0

  9. 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topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3xJXLtMtt5B40XXuPjn9xn1rBhrM6fHLkX1hI86ZoWoPJkgDkZuJNKkBfBHOcRd1fAdezg7JlHNOokohdAp3WkI/0, createdBy=32c81964262, createdName=1e145228m78(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:55:19 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-13 txqjm

    谢谢了.学习

    0

  10. 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    2017-11-13 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了谢谢作者分享!

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