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JACC:联合使用VKA+抗血小板药物可能增加大出血风险(CORONOR研究)

2014-10-11 MedSci MedSci原创

稳定性冠心病(CAD)患者在使用维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)的情况下加用抗血小板药物会增加出血风险,这项CORONOR研究研究结果发表在近期的《美国心脏病学会》(JACC)杂志上。出血是CAD患者长期抗血小板治疗后的重要风险。急性CAD并接受PCI术患者,在术后几个月内可能会发生重大出血事件,死亡风险升高。对此类现象,一些专家学者提出了可能的机制,包括中止抗栓治疗(会增加急性支架内血栓形成的风险)

稳定性冠心病(CAD)患者在使用维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)的情况下加用抗血小板药物会增加出血风险,这项CORONOR研究研究结果发表在近期的《美国心脏病学会》(JACC)杂志上。


出血是CAD患者长期抗血小板治疗后的重要风险。急性CAD并接受PCI术患者,在术后几个月内可能会发生重大出血事件,死亡风险升高。对此类现象,一些专家学者提出了可能的机制,包括中止抗栓治疗(会增加急性支架内血栓形成的风险)、心梗、心血管死亡、输血、并发症增多和贫血的因素的影响所致。然而,有关稳定性冠心病患者出血事件的发生率、原因和预后的证据仍然十分有限。门诊上大多数的CAD患者可能长期以来或者从未发生过急性出血事件。以往CHARISMA试验为抗血小板治疗的出血事件发生率提供了有用的信息。但是,CHARISMA试验纳入的患者都是被高度选择过的,因此很难将其结果推广到稳定性冠心病患者的真实世界人群中。因此,有必要提供全新的证据。


为此,Hamon M等研究人员发起了CORONOR研究,这是一项为期2年的前瞻性多中心试验,连续纳入4184名CAD门诊患者,平均年龄为66.9岁。大多数患者在研究开始之前都至少接受过1次冠脉血运重建术,而且有不少人在服用二级预防药物,包括β受体阻滞剂、他汀类药物、RAS阻滞剂等。


纳入标准包括:确诊为CAD的患者,定义为既往有心梗病史、接受过冠脉血运重建术和/或冠脉造影显示冠脉狭窄>50%的患者。受试者在研究开始前至少1年之内没有发生过心梗、也没有接受过冠脉血运重建术(PCI或冠状动脉旁路移植手术[CABG])。患者进行2年随访。主要出血事件定义为BARC评分(Bleeding Academic Research Consortium,BARC)大于等于3度。


首次随访时,临床医生会完善关于患者人口统计学和临床特点方面的信息。研究人员通过门诊随访或联系患者的全科医师患者对患者进行为期2年的追踪随访,搜集有关死亡、心梗、卒中和重大出血事件的数据。研究人员表示为了反映稳定性冠心病在真实世界中的范围,研究并未排除那些患有其他心血管或非心血管疾病/并发症的患者。


研究结果发现,在随访期间共发生了51起重大出血事件(0.6%/年)。大部分事件为BARC 3a型出血,还有12例为BARC 5型致死性出血。54.9%为胃肠道大出血。12例致死性出血事件,包括颅内出血、胃肠道出血、腹膜后出血和心包出血。严重出血与死亡密切相关(校正后HR:2.89,95%CI:1.73 to 4.83; p < 0.0001)。VKA治疗相关的出血风险增加在联合使用抗血小板药物时尤为明显。此外,接受VKA和抗血小板治疗的患者和单纯接受VKA治疗的患者相比,其心血管死亡、心梗(MI)和非出血性卒中的风险并未下降。随访期间的出血风险基本是恒定的。


研究发现几乎所有患者(99.3%)都至少接受一种抗栓治疗,大部分患者(67.4%)接受了单纯的抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林或氯吡格雷)。作者指出,这些患者近期没有发生过冠脉事件,但是他们中的许多(20.8%)却在同时接受阿司匹林+氯吡格雷治疗。在这部分患者中,又有11.1%的人还在接受VKA治疗。只有119名患者接受了单纯的VKA治疗。而没有患者在接受普拉格雷、替格瑞洛或新型口服抗凝药物治疗。


发生出血事件的患者接受药物洗脱支架置入术和主动脉/外周介入术的次数更多,因失代偿性心衰住院率更高,左室射血分数和eGFR水平更低,更有可能在接受VKA治疗。此外,他们的年龄更大、更易发生心绞痛,伴有高血压糖尿病和多支血管病变性冠心病病史者更常见。


法国里尔大学区域中心医院的Christophe Bauters博士及其同事表示,稳定性冠心病患者出现重大出血事件的情况非常罕见,但是重大出血事件仍然和死亡率有显著相关性(校正HR=2.89,95%CI:[1.73-4.83] , P<0.0001)。


Bauters博士在文章中表示,据他们所知,这是目前第一个以当代稳定性冠心病患者队列为研究对象并提供其在真实世界中的重大出血事件信息的研究。稳定性冠心病患者鲜有重大出血事件发生,但这仍然是死亡的独立预测因子。联合使用抗凝药物和抗血小板药物会增加出血风险,而在降低缺血性事件方面的证据不足。


该研究团队警示,这一观察性研究并不能显示治疗和结局之间的因果关系,临床医生能够获得的关键信息是避免稳定性冠心病患者长期联用抗血小板药物和口服抗凝药物,可以考虑联用质子泵抑制剂。


不过,本研究也存在不少局限性,该研究的数据反映了2010-2011年间的地区性实践情况。研究纳入的患者并非来源于基于人群的注册体系。目前无法判断这些结果是否在全世界范围内是具有代表性的。同时,抗凝治疗局限于VKA,而抗血小板药物被局限于阿司匹林和氯吡格雷,因此该研究结果不能直接推广到新型口服抗凝/抗血小板药物中去。此外,研究是以BARC≥3的出血为研究重点的,这样一来,预后相关的非严重性出血事件就没有得到分析。未来的研究需要明确不同BARC分型和门诊患者预后之间的关系。最后,该研究在比较单纯接受VKA的患者和接受VKA+抗血小板治疗的患者方面的能力非常有限。


专家评论


美国佛蒙特大学医学院的Harold L. Dauerman博士在随刊评论中表示,CORONOR及其他相关研究的结果提供了一系列“随时能够付诸实施的信息”。


√ 没有证据表明抑制血小板活化对无CAD的房颤患者而言是有益的。


√ 稳定性冠心病患者发生重大出血事件(主要是消化道出血)的风险比住院患者要低。


√ 接受冠脉支架血运重建术且需要口服抗凝治疗的急性/稳定性冠心病患者继续服用阿司匹林会增加出血风险。


不过他警示,目前尚无足够有影响力的试验或大型的专业注册中心来回答这类人群中止阿司匹林治疗的安全性问题。Dauerman博士表示他会继续给稳定性冠心病和房颤患者开具抗血小板药物,特别是那些置入了一代药物洗脱支架的患者。但是对那些CORONOR研究定义挑选的稳定性冠心病伴房颤的患者,鉴于其出血风险较高,还是需要注意这些观察结果的提示。


原始出处:

Hamon M, Lemesle G, Tricot O, Meurice T, Deneve M, Dujardin X, Brufau JM, Bera J, Lamblin N, Bauters C.Incidence, Source, Determinants, and Prognostic Impact of Major Bleeding in Outpatients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Oct 7;64(14):1430-6. 

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    2015-04-06 zhwj
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    2015-08-06 hbwxf
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    2014-10-29 yushouqiang

    这种形式继续教育很好。请安排meta分析讲座,好吗?

    0

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    2014-10-13 wugerde

    对我帮助很大,谢谢!

    0

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    2014-10-13 cmsvly
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