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Lancet Infect Dis:人类最后一道细菌防线“粘菌素”耐药菌在中国出现

2015-12-24 MedSci MedSci原创

研究人员发现全球的细菌都在共享一个基因——它能够让细菌对被称作为“最后一道防线”( last resort)的抗生素粘菌素(colistin)耐药。中国的科学家们将这一研究发现报告在近期的《柳叶刀传染病》(The Lancet Infectious Disease)杂志上。随后包括丹麦、荷兰、法国和泰国等国家也报告了相似的耐药研究发现。 12月21日,Nature网站在新闻报道中指出,虽然这

根据最近在《Lancet Infectious Diseases》发表的一项新研究表明,一个新的基因(MCR-1)——可使细菌对多粘菌素(polymyxins,我们剩下的最后一道抗菌防御)产生高度耐药性,广泛存在于取自中国南方的猪和患者的肠杆菌科细菌中,包括具有流行可能性的菌株。

MCR-1被发现于质粒上,质粒是移动的DNA,可以很容易地复制,并在不同细菌之间传播,从而表明,它们很可能会在不同的细菌种群之间传播和多样化。

本文共同通讯作者、华南农业大学的刘健华(Jian-Hua Liu)教授解释说:“这些都是极其令人担忧的结果。多粘菌素(粘菌素、多粘菌素B)是最后一种耐药性不能在细胞之间传播的抗生素。直到现在,念菌素抗性是由染色体突变造成的,从而使耐药机制不稳定,无法传播给其他细菌。”

“我们的研究结果显示,第一个抗病基因——容易在常见细菌(如大肠杆菌和肺炎杆菌)之间交换,表明从广泛的耐药性,到对流行性疾病的抗性,是不可避免的。”

在对中国食用动物抗菌素耐药性的常规测试过程中,刘教授和他的同事们,从上海的一家规模化猪场的一头猪中,分离出了一种大肠杆菌菌株(SHP45),表明粘菌素耐药性,可以转移到另一菌株。这促使研究人员在2011和2014年之间,从四个省的屠宰场的猪、广州30个公开市场和27家超市销售的猪肉和鸡肉中,分离出了细菌样本。他们还分析了广东和浙江省两家医院感染患者的细菌样本。对样品进行了抗生素敏感性测试,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和测序检测了MCR-1基因。

研究人员发现,从动物(804只当中的166只)和生肉样品(523份当中的78份)中分离的大肠杆分离菌株中,MCR-1基因的出现率很高。令人担忧的是,阳性标本的比例逐年增加。从1322名住院患者中分离的16个大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌分离株中,研究人员也发现了MCR-1基因。

重要的是,大肠杆菌菌株之间的传递速率(MCR-1基因在不同细菌之间的复制和转移)是非常高的。此外,研究人员发现,MCR-1基因有可能已蔓延到其他肠杆菌科细菌中,如肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌,它们可引起多种疾病,从肺炎到严重血液感染,从而表明MCR-1有可能迅速蔓延到人类病原菌中。

本文共同通讯作者、中国农业大学的沈建忠(Jianzhong Shen)教授指出:“因为与动物相比,从人类中分离的阳性标本的比例相对较低,这是可能是,MCR-1介导的粘菌素抵抗起源于动物,随后传播给人类。中国农业中越来越过多地使用粘菌素,带来的选择性压力,已经致使大肠杆菌获得了MCR-1。”

中国是世界上最大的念菌素使用者和生产者,用于农业及兽医使用。在世界范围内,多粘菌素在农业上的需求,预计在2015年底将达到约12000吨,到2021年将上升到每年16500吨。

据刘教授介绍:“MCR-1的出现,预示着最后一组抗生素的攻破。虽然目前仅限于中国,但是MCR-1可能仿效其他耐药基因(如NDM-1),并在世界范围内传播。这迫切需要重新评估多粘菌素在动物中的使用,对人类医学和兽医学中的MCR-1,进行非常密切的国际监测和监督。”

研究人员发现全球的细菌都在共享一个基因——它能够让细菌对被称作为“最后一道防线”( last resort)的抗生素粘菌素(colistin)耐药。中国的科学家们将这一研究发现报告在近期的《柳叶刀传染病》(The Lancet Infectious Disease)杂志上。随后包括丹麦、荷兰、法国和泰国等国家也报告了相似的耐药研究发现。

12月21日,Nature网站在新闻报道中指出,虽然这些研究结果令人担心,它们可能不像许多媒体报道说的那样是场灾难,因为粘菌素只是几个很少在人类中使用的抗生素之一。犹他大学传染病医生Makoto Jones说:“这一研究发现是令人不愉快,但并非大难临头。”

粘菌素是在上世纪50年被开发出来,是称作为多粘菌素(polymyxins)的一类化合物其中之一。乔治华盛顿大学流行病学家Lance Price说,它被称作为是最后一道防线药物——如果可能的话医生们会避免使用它——因为它往往会损伤患者的肾脏。

因此,相比其他抗生素,细菌一直以缓慢的速度对粘菌素产生耐药性。

以往曾报道过一些赋予粘菌素耐药性的突变。许多土壤细菌也已知对粘菌素耐药,因为这一药物被广泛用于农业中养肥猪及预防家畜疾病。尤其在中国,每年农业中使用的粘菌素达到1.2万吨。

但新研究结果显示,是在DNA质粒上鉴别出了赋予粘菌素抗药性的一些基因,细菌彼此之间很容易分享质粒。中国的研究人员在从多个中国省份获得的大肠杆菌样本中发现了他们称作为mcr-1的基因,表明它可以很容易地传播;现在在整个亚洲和欧洲都发现了相同的基因。丹麦研究人员证实,大肠杆菌可以将它的耐药性传递给无关的细菌。

并不完全是最后的防线

粘菌素并非唯一被称作为是“最后一道防线”抗生素的药物。这一术语常被用来指碳青霉烯类抗生素(carbapanems)——其被留下仅用于治疗多药耐药菌引起的感染。但近年来,碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药质粒一直以惊人的速度在细菌间传播。

Jones说,不过,仍然有其他的一些抗生素并未看到广泛的耐药。医生可以用很少使用的抗生素种类如替加环素(tigecyclin)或药物组合来治疗患者(像粘菌素一样,替加环素对患者具有毒性。

此外,细菌对抗生素耐药的能力也存在于一个范围内;加大药物剂量或许可以战胜一种明显耐药的细菌。即便是对粘菌素和其他药物耐药的细菌也不一定是无法治疗的超级细菌;它们或许会被其他药物所杀死。

然而,出现某些类型的感染无法用我们当前任何的抗生素进行治疗,发生这种状况只是个时间问题。美国食品与药品管理局在过去2年已批准了6个新抗生素,大约有30多个在准备中。但大多数的这些药物都与现有药物相似,或许并没有更好地起作用。最近发现的一类抗生素脂肽(lipopeptides)是在上世纪80年代末被鉴别出来的。

今年1月发现了一类新抗菌化合物teixobactin让人们感到非常的兴奋。它是由土壤细菌所生成,具有与其他抗生素不同的杀菌机制。但还要数年这一化合物才会被开发出药物,并证实在人类中使用安全,并且它将不会用于对抗诸如大肠杆菌一类的肠道细菌,因为它可以杀死具有一种不同类型的细胞壁的细菌。

打击过度使用

为了鼓励公司开发出新抗生素,一些政府建立了诸如减税及监管机构快速审查等鼓励措施。研究人员已开始探索这些药物的替代品,例如利用病毒来攻击细菌,利用鳄鱼等强壮动物血液中的抗菌肽等。

但细菌也不可避免地会对新类型的抗生素产生耐药。明尼苏达大学传染病医生James Johnson说:“生成新抗生素是非常令人兴奋和吸引人的,但如果我们不能想出如何更好地利用现有的药物它会是一个亏本生意。”

这就需要严厉打击在家畜和医院中过度使用抗生素。2013年的一项研究发现,在美国大约一半的抗生素处方是不必要的。

一些政府正在采取措施:10年前欧盟就禁止使用抗生素帮助养肥牲畜,其他许多高收入国家包括美国都建立了有关抗生素使用的法规。但最终,mcr-1的传播表明,将有必要通过国际合作建立全球监测和管控来防止抗生素滥用。

原文索引:

Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, Doi Y, Tian G, Dong B, Huang X, Yu LF, Gu D, Ren H, Chen X, Lv L, He D, Zhou H, Liang Z, Liu JH, Shen J.Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 18. pii: S1473-3099(15)00424-7.

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    2016-05-10 howi
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    2016-07-12 浩瀚林海

    万古霉素是最后一道防线吗?

    0

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    2016-01-08 andruhn

    好东西,值得分享,学习了!

    0

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    2015-12-31 忠诚向上

    好好学习

    0

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    2015-12-29 xyfg98

    那真是不堪设想

    0

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  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1928727, encodeId=b9551928e2738, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a4a3e628250' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粘菌素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76282, encryptionId=a4a3e628250, topicName=粘菌素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f65b226, createdName=circumcision, createdTime=Fri May 06 03:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2012051, encodeId=5a5d2012051de, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d69598468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Dis#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5984, encryptionId=7d69598468, topicName=Dis)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c689267, createdName=cmj8wellington, createdTime=Mon Aug 08 20:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1828365, encodeId=be28182836504, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3f0227, createdName=howi, createdTime=Tue May 10 22:08:00 CST 2016, time=2016-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=92846, encodeId=973892846f1, content=万古霉素是最后一道防线吗?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=107, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=f5fd1737063, createdName=浩瀚林海, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 17:02:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=54676, encodeId=9d3a546e6df, content=好东西,值得分享,学习了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=183, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=69b61619007, createdName=andruhn, createdTime=Fri Jan 08 19:37:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50790, encodeId=cfb050e9040, content=好好学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=126, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Thu Dec 31 12:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=50147, encodeId=94725014ec7, content=那真是不堪设想, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=192, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fe261399236, createdName=xyfg98, createdTime=Tue Dec 29 12:35:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418656, encodeId=6fe014186566f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b07e8041efb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#耐药菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=80417, encryptionId=b07e8041efb, topicName=耐药菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=10723392161, createdName=xiaoshitou, createdTime=Sat Dec 26 14:08:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47714, encodeId=8e814e714f5, content=不要滥用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=45101626056, createdName=忠诚向上, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 15:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=47677, encodeId=d9d64e6770b, content=这意思是人类要被细菌干掉么?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201205/e96b3d935daf4e258fba69d60175f0ab/b6d3ee4a3a414b8eafaf7c5e905937a2.jpg, createdBy=ad4b83208, createdName=vpssa, createdTime=Fri Dec 25 13:27:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-12-25 忠诚向上

    不要滥用

    0

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    2015-12-25 vpssa

    这意思是人类要被细菌干掉么?

    0

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