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止痛药让你更痛!专家认为阿片类药物滥用导致痛觉过敏

2016-11-26 晋楠 中国科学报

冷压测试基于一个人对冰水能忍受多长时间评估他们的痛觉阈限。图片来源:Matthew RakolaMark Hutchinson可以读懂每秒钟每名参试者面孔上显示出的痛苦。作为20世纪90年代澳大利亚阿德莱德大学的一名研究生,他曾参加过一项研究:让服用美沙酮治疗阿片类药物成瘾的人将前臂放入冰水中检测他们对疼痛的忍耐度。正常对照组一般情况下可以在冰水中坚持1分钟左右,年轻的澳大利亚人Hutchin



冷压测试基于一个人对冰水能忍受多长时间评估他们的痛觉阈限。图片来源:Matthew Rakola

Mark Hutchinson可以读懂每秒钟每名参试者面孔上显示出的痛苦。作为20世纪90年代澳大利亚阿德莱德大学的一名研究生,他曾参加过一项研究:让服用美沙酮治疗阿片类药物成瘾的人将前臂放入冰水中检测他们对疼痛的忍耐度。正常对照组一般情况下可以在冰水中坚持1分钟左右,年轻的澳大利亚人Hutchinson将手放在冰水中超过两分钟,但那些服用美沙酮的患者平均只能坚持15秒。

“并不是说他们是一群懦弱无能的人。这些人在手臂中注射了各种疯狂的东西……但他们发现这太折磨人。”Hutchinson说,“这让我觉得困惑。”这些参试者已经使用了巨量的麻醉剂。他们如何能够经得住这种被放大的痛苦呢?

这项实验是Hutchinson参与的一种名为阿片诱导的痛觉过敏(OIH)的非常令人费解的现象。如果使用了高剂量阿片类止痛药,似乎的确会通过改变中枢神经系统的信号放大痛觉,使身体对疼痛刺激普遍变得更加敏感。“想像一下如果所有的糖尿病疗法并未降低血糖,反而增加了血糖。”美国波士顿马萨诸塞州总医院医生和疼痛专家Jianren Mao说,他研究啮齿类动物和人的痛觉过敏已超过20年。

然而,痛觉过敏到底有多普遍,它在美国阿片类药物滥用和超剂量服用中是否扮演一定角色却不清楚。很多缺乏可靠实验方法的相互矛盾的论文已经产生了一批支持者和怀疑者。然而,像Mao一样的少数研究人员认为,痛觉过敏是阿片类药物流行病中未得到充分重视的一块拼图,这种作用力会加剧痛觉,增加药物剂量,使长期用药者很难摆脱他们的药物。

“关闭”痛觉过敏

正因为如此,一些研究人员正在寻找方法“关闭”痛觉过敏,从而帮助患者服用更低剂量的羟考酮或是让他们更容易摆脱这些药物。一些研究人员则认为OIH是文学著作的怪癖,它真实存在且对疼痛通道发挥作用具有强大的影响,但却不会强化阿片类药物对绝大多数患者的控制。Hutchinson认为,大多数医生或是意识到痛觉过敏的存在,或是并不认可它的重要性。“我认为如果你调查阿片类药物的开处方者,他们的上述观点可能占60:40。”

尽管这似乎是矛盾的,但OIH却证明了进化论的合理性。“自然界不会仅仅为了折磨人而产生疼痛。”加州帕洛阿尔托斯坦福大学麻醉学者和临床药理学家Martin Angst说,“疼痛会导致人们从热烫的火炉旁缩回,也会让人们在伤腿恢复期间休息。在关键时刻我们也会忽略腿伤,比如当我们遇到一只追赶的狮子时会用伤腿快跑。身体会通过释放自身的阿片类激素,让伤腿疼痛暂时麻木。这种天然分子会与神经元结合,阻止疼痛信号,并激活大脑中的筹赏中心。”

但是处方阿片类药物剂量高于人体自身生成的水平,Angst说。“面对这一问题,你的生物机体会予以回击并说,‘我被这些化学物质蒙蔽了痛觉,我需要能够再次感觉到痛觉。’”

Mao是通过动物模型研究OIH潜在机制的首批科学家之一。1994年,他曾和同事在弗吉尼亚州立联邦大学研究了经过8天脊椎吗啡注射之后,大鼠在碰到热玻璃表面时会更快地将爪子从其上面拿开。这是因为它们的基线痛阈已经发生了改变,这种效应已经超过了忍耐力,机体需要增加药物剂量才会出现同样效果。在这个案例中,高剂量的药物实际上可以增加痛觉敏感性。

2000年,Mao将注意力转向患者,而此时阿片列药物成瘾者人数正在攀升。医生已经开始考虑治疗慢性疼痛相对安全的替代性药物。1996年,随着长效麻醉止痛药奥施康定的诞生和日益强烈的推销,这一类在很大程度上被用于治疗癌症患者的药物成为治疗诸如下背部疼痛的疗法。

难断是否过敏

动物研究已经揭示了阿片类药物在中枢神经系统中放大痛觉信号的方法,表明药物靶标有助“反击”这种疼痛放大效应。

随着处方药物满天飞,超剂量服用药物问题日益加剧。过去20年间,美国死于处方阿片类药物的人约增加了4倍,2014年达到2.1万人。

Mao和其他研究人员想知道,疼痛过敏是否是阿片类药物另一种重要的负效应。“如果药物会造成对疼痛高度敏感,他们就会不断吃药用来保持良好感觉。”密苏里州圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院神经学家Jose Moron-Concepcion说。

在服用超剂量药物的人群中,疼痛过敏的证据非常明显。例如,阿片类药物滥用者或晚期癌症患者会变得更加疼痛。作为一家大规模培训医院的疼痛专家,Mao经常会碰到一些增大阿片类药物剂量之后仍难以缓解疼痛的患者,这些人告诉他,他们的疼痛变得越来越糟糕,会分散注意力,变得唠叨,而且会更加难以描述自己的想法。

但是有多少人经历过痛觉过敏,还有阿片类药物剂量需要达到多少才能产生这种效应却很难判断。这种现象很难与忍耐力区分开来,因为药物会随着时间失去疗效,疼痛也会加剧。因为在临床上诊断疼痛过敏就像是玩猜谜游戏,一些研究人员开始把目光转向实验室。他们设法用量化性的感应测试记录疼痛阈限,就像Hutchinson在澳大利亚参与的冷压测试一样,或者是将热量或压力应用到皮肤上的试验设计。但这些研究规模很小,结论具有不一致性。“实际上,没有人证明人体特定刺激是一种合理的方法,能够说明‘没错,这个人已经变得疼痛过敏了。”Angst说。

降低疼痛的“音量”

如果不能可靠地诊断疼痛过敏,就很难预测其长期效应,明尼苏达州罗切斯特市梅奥医学院麻醉学专家Michael Hooten说。他的团队发现,先让91名原本服用高剂量阿片类药物的患者每天逐渐减少药物用量,然后在3周内让他们更大幅度地减少药物用量,会导致他们对热量的痛觉变得更敏感。

但该团队却未能长期跟踪这些患者以了解更大的问题:他们的痛觉阈限要多久才能恢复到正常水平?那些痛觉过敏的患者在放弃使用阿片类药物之后痛感是否增强了?痛觉过敏的患者是否或多或少会倾向于药物成瘾或重蹈覆辙?

在一些研究人员看来,缺乏证据的现状让痛觉过敏研究似乎走到了死胡同。“我每天上班时不会思考阿片类药物引发的疼痛过敏。”加州大学圣迭戈分校疼痛研究专家Gary Bennett说,“我们知道它是真的。但我们并不知道它有多重要,这个问题真的非常难回答,所以让我们继续往前走吧。”

但Mao尚未决定放弃研究这个问题。他认为痛觉过敏的风险应该激发医生在患者疼痛加剧却没有明显原因时,别让他们使用阿片类药物。依他的经验看,可能仅有1/3的长期疼痛患者愿意尝试这么做。因此,他希望有另一个解决办法:开处方时有一种靶向疼痛过敏效应的药物与阿片类药物一起服用。

Mao正在招募患者参与临床试验,对两种候选药物进行测试。其中之一是阻止NMDA受体的麻醉剂氯胺酮;另一种是目前用于治疗高血压的药物盐酸胍法辛,该药物据认为可以阻止神经元将谷氨酸盐释放到脊椎内。与此同时,由华盛顿特区乔治•华盛顿大学的Peggy Compton带领的团队也在研究一种叫作加巴喷丁的疼痛和麻醉药物,该药物可阻止神经传播减少过度疼痛的信号。其他的研究团队也在向阿片类药物的副作用发起攻势,其中也包括痛觉过敏。

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    2017-07-31 zchen
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    2016-11-28 lhlxtx
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    2016-11-26 inter158

    药物滥用导致的药源性疼痛问题很严峻

    0

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导语:近日,美国食品及药物管理局(FDA)再次发出警告,把阿片类止痛药或止咳药和苯二氮卓类镇静剂混合在一起服用非常危险,可能导致昏迷或死亡的致命后果。同时,FDA建议对近400种药品使用最高级别的黑框警告,让医生和病人了解如果将这两种药物混合使用,那么将会导致失眠、呼吸缓慢,甚至导致昏迷、死亡。因此,FDA表示,发出这个警告是为了减少因为滥用阿片类止痛药而导致的死亡事件。此外,FDA委员卡里夫表示

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