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中国老年人异常血压波动专家共识:你知道该如何处理反杓型、超杓型血压、餐后低血压、体位性低血压吗?

2018-02-08 卢芳 中国循环杂志

老年人不仅血压水平较中青年人高,而且容易发生血压波动幅度和频率的非生理性变化,称为异常血压波动。


老年人不仅血压水平较中青年人高,而且容易发生血压波动幅度和频率的非生理性变化,称为异常血压波动。
 
临床上可表现为反杓型血压、超杓型血压、非杓型血压、体位性低血压、体位性高血压、体位性低血压合并卧位高血压、晨峰血压增高、餐后低血压、白大衣性高血压和隐蔽性高血压、随访间和季节间的血压波动等等一系列血压变化异常。
 
中国老年医学学会高血压分会制定的《老年人异常血压波动临床诊疗中国专家共识》对此进行了分析和总结,并就此给出治疗方案。
 
要点如下:
 
1.  老年人较中青年人更易发生异常血压波动,由于缺乏正常血压人群的大样本数据,优化的血压波动检测方法、评价指标及其正常值尚未确定。

2.  治疗过程中应该重视基础疾病的防治,同时积极纠正可能的诱因,改善生活方式,并通过反复摸索,制订以非药物疗法为主的个体化治疗方案。治疗过程鼓励家庭自测血压,记录白天血压及睡前和清晨血压。

3.  老年人容易发生血压昼夜节律异常,常伴有夜间血压升高(夜间平均血压≥ 120/70 mm Hg)。在年龄≥ 60 岁的老年人中,非杓型血压的发生率可高达 69%,是中青年人的 3 倍以上。
 
4.   在年龄≥ 80 岁的高龄老年人中 83.3%丧失了正常的杓型血压节律。血压昼夜节律异常是靶器官损害、心血管事件、脑卒中和死亡的独立预测因素。

5.  对于非杓型血压:主要降低夜间血压



(1)  傍晚(17:00~19:00)进行适当的有氧运动(30 min左右),有助于纠正血压节律异常。

(2)  药物治疗首选24 h平稳降压的长效降压药物,单药或联合用药。若夜间血压控制仍不理想,可将一种或数种长效降压药改为晚间或睡前服用。

(3)  若上述方法夜间血压仍高,可在长效降压药基础上,尝试睡前加用中短效降压药,如α1肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂,但应警惕夜间血压过低以及夜间起床时发生体位性低血压的可能。

6.  超杓型血压:需要降低白天血压
 

 
(1)  应在非药物治疗(如体育锻炼)的基础上清晨服用长效降压药(如氨氯地平、非洛地平缓释片和硝苯地平控释片等),在降低白天血压的同时一般不会过度降低夜间血压。

(2)  若白天血压控制仍不理想,可结合血压波动的规律和药效动力学特点,选择长效+中短效药物的组合,进一步控制白天血压,但应注意中短效降压药可能增加体位性低血压的风险。
 
(3)  应避免夜间服用降压药,否则会加重超杓型血压模式。
 
7.  反杓型血压:需要大幅度降低夜间血压
 

 
可于下午、晚间或睡前服用长效降压药。若夜间血压控制仍不理想,可选择睡前加用中、短效降压药物。

8.  体位性低血压

由卧位变为直立体位的 3 min 内,收缩压下降 ≥20 mm Hg或舒张压下降 ≥10 mm Hg,但也有一些老年人直立时间超过 ≥3 min才出现明显的血压下降。

体位性低血压在年龄 ≥65岁人群中的发生率可达 20%~50%;我国年龄 ≥ 80 岁高龄人群中的发生率27.2%,合并高血压者比例更高。

处理:

(1)  站立时动作要缓慢;睡醒后几分钟后再坐起,随后在床边坐数分钟,逐渐站立;尽可能减少长时间卧床;避免洗澡水过热或洗澡时间过长;勿饱餐或大量饮酒。如引起症状,尽快蹲、坐或躺下。

(2)  睡眠时头部抬高可能具有短期疗效。

(3)  药物主要有氟氢可的松(剂量范围0.1~1.0 mg/d)和米多君(口服剂量为5~10 mg/d,药效持续时间为4 h左右,睡前4 h内避免给药)。

(4)  可服用适量神经功能调节药(如B族维生素等)或安定类镇静剂辅助治疗。此外红细胞生成素有助于治疗与贫血有关的体位性低血压。

9.  体位性低血压合并卧位高血压

尚无确切方案,首先要去除诱因和治疗原发病。平时应减少白天卧床时间,休息以坐位为主。夜间睡眠时可适当抬高床头(10°~15°),并避免睡前饮水及使用缩血管药物。

此外,晚间或睡前服用中短效降压药配合清晨使用氟氢可的松,有助于控制夜间睡眠时的血压并减少白天体位性低血压。但应警惕中短效降压药可能加重夜间体位性低血压,造成夜间起床时的安全隐患。
 
10. 晨峰血压高

选择24 h平稳降压的长效降压药可控制清晨血压大幅波动。非杓型或反杓型的高血压患者,可选择睡前服用长效降压药。

11. 餐后低血压

(1)饮水疗法:餐前饮水350~480 ml可使餐后血压下降幅度减少20 mmHg,并有效减少症状的发生。

(2)少食多餐;改变膳食成分比例,减少碳水化合物摄入。

(3)餐后运动:老年人餐后20~30min间断进行低强度的运动。

(4)合并糖尿病老年患者可复用阿卡波糖。

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    2018-03-18 wxl882001

    学习一下

    0

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    2018-02-13 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-02-11 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

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