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肠道是如何与身体其他器官“交流”并影响我们的身体健康的?

2016-10-29 应雨妍 奇点网

你认为你的行为、你的决策,还有情绪的波动,仅仅是由你的大脑控制的吗?除了藏在颅骨里的“那一位”,你是否想过你的身体里,还有“另一个大脑”呢?这个“大脑”其实就是我们的肠道,肠道与我们的“头顶大脑”有着许多相似的部分。它也有胶质细胞(具有支持、滋养神经元的作用),有多种不同类型的神经元组成,有40多种神经递质存在,能产生人体50%的多巴胺(大脑产生另外50%)和95%的血清素(大脑只有5%),甚至它


你认为你的行为、你的决策,还有情绪的波动,仅仅是由你的大脑控制的吗?除了藏在颅骨里的“那一位”,你是否想过你的身体里,还有“另一个大脑”呢?

这个“大脑”其实就是我们的肠道,肠道与我们的“头顶大脑”有着许多相似的部分。它也有胶质细胞(具有支持、滋养神经元的作用),有多种不同类型的神经元组成,有40多种神经递质存在,能产生人体50%的多巴胺(大脑产生另外50%)和95%的血清素(大脑只有5%),甚至它也有自己的“血脑屏障”,可以维持肠道内生理环境的稳定。

肠道拥有它自己的“神经系统”

肠神经系统的存在十分重要,它拥有大约5亿个神经元。为什么需要如此之多呢?一个原因是肠神经系统要负责复杂的消化工作,控制食物在胃中的混合、调节肌肉收缩让食物在肠道中“移动”等等。


肠神经系统介绍

另外一个大家可能想不到的原因是:保护食物摄入的安全性。我们不能保证自己吃的东西总是健康、卫生和安全的,所以肠道就要替我们“把关”。一旦有病原体进入肠道内,肠壁上的免疫细胞就会分泌炎性物质,这样神经元就能够捕捉到信号,要么“肠道大脑”以腹泻的方式将病原体“驱逐”,要么将信号传递给“头顶大脑”,以呕吐的方式解决问题。有必要的时候,也会出现“上吐下泻”。

肠道的神经系统除了负责消化的相关事务外,在疾病方面,也是“插了一手”的。以神经退行性疾病帕金森为例,德国法兰克福大学的Heiko Braak发现,造成大脑内细胞损失的蛋白质团块“路易小体”(Lewy bodies),同样也出现在肠道内负责生产多巴胺的神经元中。Braak检查了死于帕金森氏症的患者体内路易小体的分布状况,认为它其实最早出现于肠道,继而由迷走神经扩散至大脑。[1]

肠道微生物与远端器官可以进行信号传递

既然在功能上,肠道与大脑有着很高的相似度,那么与结构不能分割的功能上又如何呢?这就得说到肠道微生物的存在了,它是“第二大脑”发挥作用的一个“关键词”。

我们都知道,“头顶大脑”能够通过电信号和神经递质对身体的器官发出信号,而其实肠道微生物也可以将信号传递到其他远端器官。在日常生活中,我们吃的食物和外界环境的刺激(比如寒冷)都会作用于肠道菌群,产生化学物质作为信号,传递到其他器官。


举一个例子,当我们吃了鸡蛋,鸡蛋中的胆固醇代谢会产生胆汁酸(BAs),胆汁酸按照来源可分为初级胆汁酸和次级胆汁酸,初级胆汁酸在肝脏中合成,在肠道细菌的“催化”下才能完成初级向次级的转变。而胆汁酸除了是代谢产物外还是一种重要的信号分子,它能够激活不同的信号传导途径,调节体内能量代谢平衡、控制体重。

再比如我们摄入的碳水化合物,肠道微生物会把它们分解成一系列的短链脂肪酸,其中丁酸盐脂肪酸可以强化细胞间的联系,增强大脑中的血脑屏障,这一点也体现了“两个大脑”之间的联系。[2]

肠道微生物维持宿主正常的生理功能

除了传递信号,维持宿主正常的生理功能也是肠道微生物的“职责”之一,所以许多疾病的发生,都与肠道微生物脱不了干系。其中有些是我们不太能够想到的,比如心血管疾病。动脉粥样硬化是心血管疾病的主要原因之一,而再向上追溯,它的成因则是高脂饮食,那么在这一串“因果”中,肠道微生物扮演了怎样的角色呢?


血液中的三甲胺氧化物(TMAO)水平与动脉粥样硬化有关联,高水平的TMAO增加了动脉粥样硬化的风险;因此,降低血液中TMAO水平可能会有效降低动脉粥样硬化的风险。

人体中TMAO的形成要经过两步。在我们摄入高脂食物之后,食物残渣进入肠道,被肠道微生物转化为三甲胺(TMA)。TMA进入肝脏之后,被人体的黄素单加氧酶(FMOs)氧化为TMAO。TMAO会抑制血液中胆固醇的降解,胆固醇就只能沉淀到动脉血管壁,导致血管壁加厚、硬化,紧接着心脏病就发作了。[3]

各种各样的研究表明,肠道并不仅仅是消化系统的一部分而已,无论是它的神经系统出现问题,还是肠道微生物有了变化,都会给我们的身体带来不适甚至疾病。对于“两个大脑”之间的相互作用和间接的相互影响都是科研人员一直都在探索的,总之,“抓住”肠道微生物与我们宿主之间的联系,就可能为许多“难解之谜”打开了一扇大门。

参考资料:

[1] Young E. Gut instincts: The secrets of your second brain[J]. New Scientist, 2012, 216(2895): 38-42.

[2] Schroeder B O, Bäckhed F. Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease[J]. Nature Medicine, 2016, 22(10): 1079-1089.

[3] The Wide-Ranging Role of the Microbiome,Medscape,September 15,2015

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    2016-11-15 jyzxjiangqin

    树立整体观念。

    0

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    2016-11-11 1dedfe95m66(暂无匿称)

    肠大脑是另一个中枢

    0

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    2016-11-09 培莉

    哇次,可以多研究下这方面的内容,说不定有新发现哦!

    0

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    2016-11-03 yayomemory

    很看好肠道微生物的研究,将会改变很多原本不甚清楚的疾病的原理或者开拓新的治疗方法。

    0

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    2016-11-02 flysky120

    谢谢,学习知识

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155805, encodeId=7ea11558058c, content=树立整体观念。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=127, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Nov 15 07:25:53 CST 2016, time=2016-11-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=155134, encodeId=d16515513478, content=肠大脑是另一个中枢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ff901728138, createdName=1dedfe95m66(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Nov 11 23:16:49 CST 2016, time=2016-11-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=154602, encodeId=df4f15460274, content=哇次,可以多研究下这方面的内容,说不定有新发现哦!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=164, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e0f21976387, createdName=培莉, createdTime=Wed Nov 09 18:13:00 CST 2016, time=2016-11-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=153131, encodeId=5cfa153131e5, content=很看好肠道微生物的研究,将会改变很多原本不甚清楚的疾病的原理或者开拓新的治疗方法。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=162, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=333c1934312, createdName=yayomemory, createdTime=Thu Nov 03 14:53:40 CST 2016, time=2016-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152867, encodeId=13f815286edc, content=谢谢,学习知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160718/IMG578C993D395567540.jpg, createdBy=59b81918946, createdName=flysky120, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 11:18:10 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585074, encodeId=d6b215850e4cc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7aa9319938' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#身体健康#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93199, encryptionId=f7aa9319938, topicName=身体健康)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae2917125968, createdName=bshuang, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 05:30:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152231, encodeId=b4c915223128, content=继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K3j7ibEWPiarwpqibEYqqX9yVibV5uebib0O7hQSOPmqGrb5FfyDbLsLawnz7ShAb5ibtiayWgI5ClMTh5v/0, createdBy=a47c1614293, createdName=童小孩, createdTime=Sun Oct 30 17:54:57 CST 2016, time=2016-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152152, encodeId=043f152152dd, content=不错,值得拜读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sun Oct 30 10:13:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152121, encodeId=9ea015212120, content=牵一发动全身, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5K4PNicOvbHfgIficrsEKztlD5yv1UnCFhnFmFU9yv1RHLflMRibWrppbsiccfMB8tT9HCkAr3zL2zVml/0, createdBy=89da1604922, createdName=䖝二, createdTime=Sun Oct 30 09:07:00 CST 2016, time=2016-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-30 童小孩

    继续关注

    0

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    2016-10-30 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    不错,值得拜读

    0

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    2016-10-30 䖝二

    牵一发动全身

    0

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