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化繁为简:食管裂孔疝及胃食管反流腹腔镜下手术「七步法」

2021-12-23 small year MedSci原创

一起来看看腹腔镜下手术「七步法」具体操作技巧要点。

近年来,临床医生对食管裂孔疝(HH)及胃食管反流性疾病(GERD)的认识越来越充分,越来越的患者接受相应的手术治疗。然而,由于手术治疗水平参差不齐,广泛的开展腹腔镜下手术同时带来了许多并发症。

近期,广东省医师协会疝与腹壁外科医师分会食管裂孔疝和胃食管反流性疾病专业学组发布了《食管裂孔疝及胃食管反流性疾病腹腔镜下规范化七步法手术操作指南2021版)》,该指南经过了大量临床实践,分析数百个手术视频,将操作技巧化繁为简,使整个手术在腹腔镜 直视下能做到精确到位,最后总结出来腹腔镜下规范化手术操作「七步法」。本文,我们一起来看看腹腔镜下手术「七步法」具体操作技巧要点。

一、「七步法」操作原则

「七步法」仅对 HH GERD 术操作的术式、方法进行分析研究、系统总结并提出一定的操作原则。同时,在手术过程中,应注重时间顺序和术后食管胃结合部(EGJ)的空间结构。

二、「七步法」操作步骤和要点

「七步法」所强调的不仅是手术过程和时间、空间顺序,更重要的还是对操作动作分解,如何通过理解手术原理,达到应有的术后效果。

第一步:体位与布孔(设计最佳腹腔镜视野及合理左右手操作角度)

病人采用 Trendelenburg 位,头高脚低,斜度 20 度左右,保证病人安全,髋关节微屈并使用足踏板同时还要缚以约束带,以避免病人在手术过程中出现下滑的可能。

病人体位

布孔遵循腹腔镜操作的基本原则,即镜与显示屏呈轴枢一致的原则,主刀医生一般站立于患者两腿之间进行操作,而持镜者立于患者右侧,助手位于患者左侧,监视器置于患者头侧或头侧两 端。上台手术护士位于患者足端。

手术人员站位布局

由于手术操作部位集中于胃食管结合部 EGJ),腹腔镜穿刺器布孔总体更加靠上,特别是腹腔镜观察孔的位置在脐上 3~4 cm,以增加镜杆与手术视野的角度,从而获得更好的手术视野画面。

由于解剖和体位关系,手术过程中肝脏的左外叶需要较长时间托举以显露手术野和 EGJ,因此,左侧需要一专门的穿刺孔。此孔的位置右上腹(靠近剑实),其投影位置在肝下缘紧贴肝圆韧带右侧。

托举肝左外叶的穿刺孔

肝脏左叶会阻挡手术的进行,需要进行托举或悬吊。从专门的穿刺孔内托举可以暴露不同部位,从而满足分离、缝合等操作的需要。依据腹腔两手最佳交角镜操作原则,即两手所持器械最佳相交角度为45°~60°

套管穿刺部位的选择

常规采用五孔法:术者主操作孔(右手)在病 人左侧锁骨中线平肋缘水平下2 cm(使用12 mm穿刺器),术者的左手主操作孔在病人右侧锁骨中线平肋缘水平下 2 cm5 mm),助手操作孔位于剑突下2 cm偏右侧暴露肝左叶(5 mm),另一助手操作孔位于左侧腋前线平观察孔,牵拉暴露(5 mm)。

第二步:探查和确认有无 缺损及类型(有无疝,分型及解决嵌顿问题)

鸟瞰腹腔全貌,了解腹腔内有无其他特殊情况。接下来托举起肝左外叶,观察食管裂孔位置、 大小、有无缺损。若存在缺损以明确疝内容物、疝的分型,初步评估食管下端长度与宽度。同时辨 认有无迷走神经高位肝胆枝,必要时保护。

对于型滑疝(也称轴向疝),由于体位和腹腔的关系,可能不易观察,可以通过改变腹压观察EGJ位置变化和周围组织张力变化加以发现。

腹腔镜探查,了解裂孔及疝内容情况

第三步:腹段食管游离(直视下找出解剖间隙)

在肝尾状叶(也称舌状叶)前面的小网膜几乎是透明的(无论病人胖瘦),手术就在此开始,切开透明窗,切开的方向与胃小弯平行,进入小网膜囊,切口方向沿胃小弯向上约 8 cm(注意胃左血管,勿拉伤,切口应在腹腔干及胃左血管上方),然后调整视轴即旋转光纤,将 30 度镜的斜面对准小网膜囊内。进入小网膜囊内切开网膜的顶,即所谓的 Right Posterior Approach,也称为进入正确的右后入路。

肝尾状叶小网膜的透明窗

因为在解剖上胃属腹腔内位器官,腹段食管只是腹腔的间位器官,从右后入路切开小网膜囊的顶后,就可进入食管后间隙。此间隙为疏松组织,可通过腔镜纱布轻轻推开,就像直肠癌手术找到直肠全系膜切除一样,须要进入一个“Holly plane”,即所谓的神圣平面,做此手术的神圣平面即在此。然后右与左会师贯通,用一红色胶管(小儿尿管)穿过,在 7 cm 左右对折,红色胶管上夹一个大号Hemolock,完成腹腔食管的初步游离。

在此基础上,可以通过穿过的红胶管作为抓 手,继续向左、右、上、下游离。分别从左侧后方分离至左侧膈肌脚(CD),显露左侧膈肌脚全部及食管裂孔的左上缘。同样,牵开食管分离右侧膈肌脚(CD)向上与左上缘相汇,将食管下端游离拉下约6 cm,是否切除或分离整个疝囊,不做强求。过度的分离疝囊与胸膜损伤成正比。

胃食管系膜后方的神圣平面

在此过程中,注意保护迷走神经前后的主干。一般来说,迷走前枝辨认存在较多不一,而后枝较为粗大,位置也较为固定,且与食管肌外层有 0.5 cm 左右的距离不易损伤,。保持正确的层面,损伤可控制在最小化。

第四步:腹段食管的向心化(腹段食管的腹腔化)

腹段食管充分游离后,基本上腹段食管一般 可拉下长度为 6 cm 左右。辨认左右膈肌脚(CD), 测量大小观察 CD 有无筋膜腱化成分,作为缝合进 针地方。

缝合依据双侧 CD 大小宽度,缝合采用间断或 8 字缝合,缝合材料宜采用不吸收的尼龙线(如爱 惜邦?)或丝线,新的食管裂孔大小约2 cm

什么是向心化,向心化处理腹段食管这是 指与腹股沟疝处理精索正相反,精索生殖血管壁 化(Parietaligation)。向心化是将边缘的 CD 缝合 关闭,食管裂孔移向中心。

食管向心化

为什么要向心化?向心化即将食管向膈方向拆移,可使腹段食管完全置于腹腔中,成为腹腔 内位器官。使得食管下端 LES 完全暴露在腹腔压 力下,在腹腔内不但有利于 LES 位置恢复,还有利 LES功能。

需要注意的是,食管裂孔的修复不像切口疝完全闭合,而 CD 上方要留给食管相应的空间以利于吞咽的食物通过。另外,由于膈肌一直需要处于运动中的状态,需要强调使用不可吸收缝线进行缺损的缝合,防止可吸收线被吸收后而引起HH 的复发。

对于小的食管裂孔疝缝合,可使用不可吸收线间断缝合,在尽量缝合到膈肌脚的腱膜部位或分散的肌束间进针。CD 是由横纹肌构成的,能否靠拢关闭,在技术上若张力大需要游离彻底,缝针间距适当逐步收紧,几乎很少有无法靠拢关闭的情况。

第五步:是否使用补片加强(取决于 CD 间的大小与张力)

这里强调的是此手术不讲疝的无张力 补,因为 HH GERD 手术与腹股沟疝不是一样的 理念,HH GERD 手术重点是结构重建与功能的恢复。CD 及裂孔处是 缝合重建后的加强 Reinforcement),目前这种加强是采用修补材料来实现的。

目前,对于是否使用材料(补片),尚有争议。普遍认为,小的缺损(小于 3 cm)或膈肌脚肌纤维无明显萎缩,可以不使用 补片;中等大小(3 ~ 5 cm)以上的缺损可以使用补 片材料,而对于较大的缺损,即使勉强缝合上,也还要使用补片材料加强。注意:补片加强不用 “keyhole”方法,即补片中留有孔,食管从中穿过。

常用的食管裂孔缺损修补补片

首先要明确材料(补片)也是把双刃的剑,双刃剑就是指材料的不正确使用也会给病人带来灾难。目前临床上对于 CD 的加强,较适 合的补片主要分为两种类型:可吸收的生物补片 SIS 或脱细胞真皮基质)、具有涂层的合成防粘连补片。严格禁止使用不具备防粘连的合成补片。

第六步:构建抗反流结构(选准正确位置, 折叠适中)

构建抗反流结构主要就是在胃底进行折叠,怎样折叠才有功效,首先需要讲清楚影响功效的参数:

EGJ 食管的直径,直径大需要折叠稍多些, 反之少些;

②食管进入胃角度,可以通过折叠部位和折 多少进行调整角度;

③折叠 360° 270°还是 180°要根据具体病人 的食管测酸、测压,在术前就有打算。

怎样操作达到效果?

通过颈肩领带法,即是食管进入胃的 EGJ,用力下拉红色的导管,即是领带,这时可在领带与后背部凹下,即折叠的部位用针在左右将食管包绕缝 合,折叠在2 cm。前后不一致,后方可以达2.5 cm 前方 1.5 cm,根据病人的具体情况(食管的直径、 术前的测酸测压、胃张力性等)决定。

折叠包绕后,如果用内镜从胃内观察,折叠抗反流效果如“Ω”样的凸起。

①完整的 360 度(Nissen)胃底折叠术后可产 生乳头状突起的圆形瓣膜,瓣膜的主体应具有与 内窥镜长轴对齐为折叠轴向等圆外观,并且瓣 膜可紧包镜身上。由于颈肩的收紧领带动作使 得后沟较深,前沟较浅。白线表示胃折叠的适当 方向,正好位于膈肌下方,并指向垂直于内窥镜并 平行于隔膜的方向。

Nissen 折叠内面观缝合后,内镜下呈倒“Ω”字段状

270 度后的包绕(如 Toupet 胃底折叠)术,也 可产生瓣膜。呈“Ω”形,其唇缘稍厚,并且瓣膜也 可良好地贴合在镜身上。

Toupet 折叠内面观

③仅是 180 度的从前折叠(如 Dor 胃底折叠 术),也可产生瓣膜。其瓣膜也是“Ω”型,只是下 面角分得比较开,边缘对镜身的包绕性比前者更 差,沟应浅而已。

Dor 折叠内面观

第七步:冲洗创面及关闭穿刺孔(减轻手术的影响)

注意是冲洗创面,冲洗彻底性与病人术后恢复有关。这一步的目的是在外科手术之后,消除、 观察不稳定的因素。 将病人体位放平、观察食管有无滑动,利用生理盐水冲洗水化防粘连补片;冲洗需要大量生理盐 水(1000 mL),观察创面有无渗血,冲洗可以去除手 术创面渗液,带走炎症因子,利于术后的快速康复。

参考资料:

周太成, 马宁, 陈双. 食管裂孔疝的腔镜修补规范化操作七步法[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2019, 28(10):6.

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1810596, encodeId=ebd0181059690, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ea3e85614e1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹腔镜下#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=92, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85614, encryptionId=ea3e85614e1, topicName=腹腔镜下)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=669d219, createdName=mgqwxj, createdTime=Fri Jul 01 20:03:48 CST 2022, time=2022-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1948625, encodeId=5e2b194862581, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=87828339e7a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=97, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83397, encryptionId=87828339e7a, topicName=胃食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=循证小兵, createdTime=Sun Jul 31 07:03:48 CST 2022, time=2022-07-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1260725, encodeId=00461260e25e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2f71834056f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃食管反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83405, encryptionId=2f71834056f, topicName=胃食管反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=44a360, createdName=jklm09, createdTime=Sat Dec 25 06:03:48 CST 2021, time=2021-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1276498, encodeId=fa9612e64983e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=768685612db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹腔镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85612, encryptionId=768685612db, topicName=腹腔镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=xinxin088, createdTime=Sat Dec 25 06:03:48 CST 2021, time=2021-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1299447, encodeId=c599129944e6d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c7711011211e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食管裂孔疝#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101121, encryptionId=c7711011211e, topicName=食管裂孔疝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a27288, createdName=smallant2002, createdTime=Sat Dec 25 06:03:48 CST 2021, time=2021-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1437687, encodeId=d763143e6871a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0e311010591a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#食管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101059, encryptionId=0e311010591a, topicName=食管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Sat Dec 25 06:03:48 CST 2021, time=2021-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1517561, encodeId=604e151e5618b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=08dbe042428' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#疝#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70424, encryptionId=08dbe042428, topicName=疝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5b7011086586, createdName=ms4657536712156177, createdTime=Sat Dec 25 06:03:48 CST 2021, time=2021-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1571712, encodeId=0cae15e171256, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=41e33e76137' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#反流#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=139, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37761, encryptionId=41e33e76137, topicName=反流)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=220d15750403, createdName=feifers, createdTime=Sat Dec 25 06:03:48 CST 2021, time=2021-12-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2021-12-25 zhouqu_8
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    2021-12-25 feifers

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