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Nature:肠道微生物竟是这样在幕后操纵我们的胖瘦的

2016-06-15 佚名 起点网

关于人类肥胖的根本原因,我认为以色列天才历史学家尤瓦尔·赫拉利在其畅销著作《人类简史:从动物到上帝》中的描述,最通俗易懂: 高热量食物对人不好,但为什么老是戒不掉?现今生活在富裕国家的人都有肥胖的问题,肥胖症几乎像瘟疫一样蔓延,还很快地将魔爪伸向发展中国家。如果我们不想想采集者祖先的饮食习惯,就很难解释为什么我们一碰到最甜、最油的食物就难以抵抗。当时他们住在草原上或森林里,高热量的甜

关于人类肥胖的根本原因,我认为以色列天才历史学家尤瓦尔·赫拉利在其畅销著作《人类简史:从动物到上帝》中的描述,最通俗易懂:

高热量食物对人不好,但为什么老是戒不掉?现今生活在富裕国家的人都有肥胖的问题,肥胖症几乎像瘟疫一样蔓延,还很快地将魔爪伸向发展中国家。如果我们不想想采集者祖先的饮食习惯,就很难解释为什么我们一碰到最甜、最油的食物就难以抵抗。当时他们住在草原上或森林里,高热量的甜食非常罕见,永远供不应求。如果是个3万年前的采集者,想吃甜食只有一种可能来源:熟透的水果。所以,如果石器时代的女性碰到一棵长满甜美无花果的树,最明智的做法就是立刻吃到吃不下为止,否则等到附近的狒狒也发现这棵树,可就一颗也吃不到了。于是,这种想大口吃下高热量食物的直觉本能就这样深植在我们的基因里。就算我们今天可能住在高楼大厦,家家户户的冰箱早就塞满食物,我们的DNA还记得那些在草原上的日子。正因如此,我们才会不知不觉就吃完一整桶的哈根达斯,可能还配着一大杯可口可乐。

这种「贪吃基因」的理论已经得到广泛接受。在2007年,牛津大学科学家找到了所谓的「贪吃基因」FTO(1),并且发现携带特定FTO基因变异的人患肥胖的风险增加。然而,这也仅仅是证明了「贪吃基因」FTO与肥胖之间存在一定的相关性,并不是「贪吃基因」存在的直接证据。

我们为什么贪吃、变胖

近些年的肠道微生物研究,可能要给人类「想大口吃下高热量食物的直觉本能」提供另一个更加科学的解释了。

很早以前,研究人员就发现了肠道微生物与肥胖之间存在一定的联系,但是那些研究一直停留在相关性上,缺少证明二者之间存在因果关系的直接证据。2013年,我国微生物领域大牛赵立平教授在《Nature Reviews Microbiology》上撰文分析了这一现状(2),并认为肠道微生物与肥胖之间的关系,终将从相关关系走向因果关系。

果不其然,证据说来就来了。6月9日,顶级期刊《自然》杂志刊登了耶鲁大学医学院Gerald I Shulman教授团队的研究论文(3),他们的发现几近完美地解释了「肠道菌群究竟是如何引起肥胖的?」这一困扰学界多年的问题。


Gerald I Shulman教授

Shulman教授并不是偶然发现了这个秘密,早在2006年,由微生物领域大牛Jeffrey I. Gordon教授领衔的研究已经表明(4),肠道微生物是肥胖的一个重要致病因素,尤其是微生物产生的某些短链脂肪酸可能是罪魁祸首。后来,越来越多的研究表明,短链脂肪酸与多食、肥胖和代谢综合症之间存在关联。但是研究人员一直不清楚短链脂肪酸究竟是如何导致肥胖的。

Shulman教授在前人的基础上,对那些短链脂肪酸展开了研究,最终发现醋酸盐(acetate)是导致肥胖的关键所在。

经过在小鼠体内复杂地探索与反复地验证,Shulman教授以小鼠为模型,帮我们还原了肠道微生物失衡引起啮齿动物肥胖的全过程。




高热量食物经过牙齿的咀嚼和胃的初步降解之后进入肠道,寄居在肠道里的微生物负责完成剩下的消化工作;在微生物的发酵过程中,会有大量的醋酸盐产生,这些醋酸盐被肠道吸收,随血液循环穿过血脑屏障,进入大脑;进入大脑的醋酸盐会激活副交感神经系统。这个副交感神经系统主要是控制身体的那些无意识行为,例如消化,排泄和性唤起。被醋酸盐激活的副交感神经会给胰岛发出分泌胰岛素(insulin)的指令,于是β细胞开始大量分泌胰岛素,细胞启动储存能量的程序;于此同时,副交感神经又给胃发出了释放饥饿激素(ghrelin)的指令,饥饿激素大量产生,饥饿感随之而来。




肠道微生物导致肥胖示意图

长此以往,肠道微生物失衡的小鼠会因此食量越来越大,开始变得肥胖,并出现胰岛素抵抗这种前兆糖尿病现象。

如赫拉利所言,这种正向的调节机制对于生活在采集和狩猎时代的人来讲,的确是保证他们存活下去的有利机制。然而,这种机制究竟是「深植在我们的基因里」了,还是「深植在我们的肠道微生物里」?现在我反而更相信后者。如果人类饮食习惯的进化机制是跟肠道微生物协同进化的话,那么道金斯的《自私的基因》在解释人类饮食习惯上可能要存疑了。

我们如何知道自己吃饱了

既然肠道里存在正向调节机制,可以让小鼠吃个不停,那么它们不会撑死吗?

是呀,这是个问题,它们究竟该如何停下来?




当然,小鼠显然是不会被撑死的。首先,吃到撑的肚子疼,再也咽不下去了,它们肯定不会再吃了。另外,寄居在肠道的另一个类群的微生物也会提醒它们,「嘿!嘿!吃饱了,该停下了。」这就是我们人类所谓的「饱腹感」。

去年年底,《细胞》旗下子刊《Cell Metabolism》刊登了法国鲁昂大学Serguei O Fetissov教授团队的研究成果(5),它们找到了让小鼠产生「饱腹感」的菌群和相应的蛋白。这是首次发现肠道微生物分泌的蛋白参与到肠道和大脑交流的信号通路。

事情是这样的,在小鼠的肠道里寄居着有益肠道微生物大肠杆菌K12,伴随着小鼠整个进食过程,K12在肠道中不断增多,在进食20分钟之后,K12在肠道中的数量达到顶峰。这时,估计是K12觉得自己的族群已经足够庞大了,于是它们就开始释放一些特殊的蛋白(例如ClpB蛋白)。这些蛋白会参与到肠道-大脑信号通路中,通过促进肠道细胞分泌多肽YY和GLP-1(胰高血糖素样肽-1),刺激大脑内神经细胞减轻饥饿感。就这样,寄居在肠道的K12控制了小鼠的大脑,并让小鼠产生了「饱腹感」。


大肠杆菌K12

当Fetissov团队将那些特殊蛋白注射到饥饿的小鼠肠道之后,发现这些小鼠的确比对照组小鼠进食少。

那么,大肠杆菌K12为什么要在小鼠吃饱的时候分泌那些特殊的蛋白让小鼠产生「饱腹感」?以及,这些蛋白是如何参与到肠道-大脑信号通路中的?目前这些问题还有待Fetissov团队更加深入的研究。

平衡的多样性最重要

从上面的两个研究中不难看出,在动物肠道内既存在导致「饥饿感」的微生物,又存在导致「饱腹感」的微生物。最终是胖是瘦,应该跟这些微生物在肠道微生物所占的比例有关。这两类微生物处于健康的平衡状态,动物才会处于健康状态。

目前已经有大量的研究表明,肠道微生物菌群失衡,是导致肥胖、糖尿病、心脏病、癌症和精神疾病等疾病的重要原因(6)。

那么究竟该如何保持肠道微生物的多样性?现在我们知道,食物和药物对肠道微生物的多样性都有一定的影响。例如,水果和蔬菜是有利于肠道菌群健康的,垃圾食物则是有害于肠道微生物健康的。

4月29日,著名期刊《科学》同时刊登了荷兰格罗宁根大学的LifeLines-DEEP project(7)和比利时鲁汶大学的Flemish Gut Flora Project(8)两个大型的人体肠道微生物研究,分析了各种不同影响因子对肠道微生物多样性的影响。

从这两个大型的研究中,我们大概可以得知,对于大多数人而言,水果、蔬菜、咖啡、绿茶、酸奶和红酒,是有利于保持肠道微生物多样性的;高脂、高糖食物和全脂牛奶则不利于肠道微生物的平衡发展。所以那些饮食习惯不太健康的朋友,是不是该有所收敛了。



虽然前两个研究还停留在动物实验阶段,目前还不清楚是否适用于人类;但是它们对人类健康研究的重大指导意义是无可辩驳的。更何况,由Rob Knight和Gordon教授领衔的双胞胎研究,也给出了类似的提示(9),甚至移植人类粪便的小鼠也会出现供体一样的健康问题(10)。所以,我认为,上述研究在人体内被证实,只是时间的问题。

最后告诉大家一个好消息,由美国马萨诸塞州总医院ElaineYu教授领导的肠道微生物治疗肥胖的临床试验已经开启了(https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02530385),研究结果将于2017年公布。不过治疗的过程略恶心,志愿者需要服用冻干的粪便胶囊。这个里面装着冻干粪便的胶囊最终可能是下图那个样子的,但请一定不要做成透明的!




原始出处:

【1】Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, et al.  A Common Variant in the FTO Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity. Science 316:889-94. 2007.

【2】Zhao L. The gut microbiota and obesity: from correlation to causality. Nat Rev Micro 11:639-47. 2013.

【3】Perry RJ, Peng L, Barry NA, Cline GW, Zhang D, et al. Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome. Nature 534:213-7

【4】Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027-131. 2016.

【5】Breton J, Tennoune N, Lucas N, Francois M, Legrand R, et al.  Gut Commensal E.coli Proteins Activate Host Satiety Pathways following Nutrient-Induced Bacterial Growth. Cell Metabolism 23:324-34. 2016.

【6】Rooks MG, Garrett WS. Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 16:341-52. 2016.

【7】Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Bonder MJ, Tigchelaar EF, Schirmer M, et al. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science 352:565-9. 2016. 

【8】Falony G, Joossens M, Vieira-Silva S, Wang J, Darzi Y, et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science 352:560-4. 2016. 

【9】Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457:480-4. 2009. 

【10】Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, et al. Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice. Science 341. 2013.


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    2017-04-13 liye789132251
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    2016-09-06 qqcc8ba6cb

    不健康的饮食导致肠道菌群紊乱,紊乱的肠道菌群促进不健康的饮食

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881117, encodeId=e6eb188111edb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Apr 13 03:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824669, encodeId=99781824669df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Mon Apr 24 02:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=112022, encodeId=50aa1120220b, content=不健康的饮食导致肠道菌群紊乱,紊乱的肠道菌群促进不健康的饮食, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d7d1732763, createdName=qqcc8ba6cb, createdTime=Tue Sep 06 08:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97262, encodeId=330e9e26285, content=希望找到原文阅读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=99051663751, createdName=mandy4573, createdTime=Wed Aug 10 13:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90485, encodeId=de3f9048587, content=obesity,gutmicrobia,diabetes, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=212, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=46cc1738377, createdName=ykb, createdTime=Sat Jun 18 19:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89995, encodeId=dddc89995f3, content=肠道微生物,的作用越来越广泛,但是它不仅仅是影响影响营养的吸收,还对全身性的调节起关键作用,这中间可能包括正负反馈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=206, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaELaQBNibpuZ0aRbWKgR0puf0vibBuZ7gIkKCXEqibYyJXVhsnibpCuhlqHGWRyvHMdFwm4UXjcpPUFLkw/0, createdBy=2f0f1714785, createdName=wxsession8b50a880, createdTime=Thu Jun 16 08:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89941, encodeId=5d5589941f4, content=胖是有原因滴!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 15 16:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-10 mandy4573

    希望找到原文阅读

    0

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    2016-06-18 ykb

    obesity,gutmicrobia,diabetes

    0

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    2016-06-16 wxsession8b50a880

    肠道微生物,的作用越来越广泛,但是它不仅仅是影响影响营养的吸收,还对全身性的调节起关键作用,这中间可能包括正负反馈

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1881117, encodeId=e6eb188111edb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Thu Apr 13 03:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1824669, encodeId=99781824669df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Mon Apr 24 02:56:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=112022, encodeId=50aa1120220b, content=不健康的饮食导致肠道菌群紊乱,紊乱的肠道菌群促进不健康的饮食, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=141, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d7d1732763, createdName=qqcc8ba6cb, createdTime=Tue Sep 06 08:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=97262, encodeId=330e9e26285, content=希望找到原文阅读, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=99051663751, createdName=mandy4573, createdTime=Wed Aug 10 13:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=90485, encodeId=de3f9048587, content=obesity,gutmicrobia,diabetes, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=212, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=46cc1738377, createdName=ykb, createdTime=Sat Jun 18 19:32:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89995, encodeId=dddc89995f3, content=肠道微生物,的作用越来越广泛,但是它不仅仅是影响影响营养的吸收,还对全身性的调节起关键作用,这中间可能包括正负反馈, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=206, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/PiajxSqBRaELaQBNibpuZ0aRbWKgR0puf0vibBuZ7gIkKCXEqibYyJXVhsnibpCuhlqHGWRyvHMdFwm4UXjcpPUFLkw/0, createdBy=2f0f1714785, createdName=wxsession8b50a880, createdTime=Thu Jun 16 08:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89941, encodeId=5d5589941f4, content=胖是有原因滴!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Jun 15 16:43:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-15 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    胖是有原因滴!

    0

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