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Lancet Infect Dis:下呼吸道感染的发病率、死亡率和病因知多少——来自195个国家的分析

2018-11-08 吴星 环球医学

下呼吸道感染是世界上死亡率和发病率的首要原因。2018年9月,发表在《Lancet Infect Dis》的一项全球疾病负担研究2016的系统分析,评估了195个国家下呼吸道感染的全球、地区和国家发病率、死亡率和病因。

下呼吸道感染是世界上死亡率和发病率的首要原因。2018年9月,发表在《Lancet Infect Dis》的一项全球疾病负担研究2016的系统分析,评估了195个国家下呼吸道感染的全球、地区和国家发病率、死亡率和病因。

背景:下呼吸道感染是世界上死亡率和发病率的首要原因。全球疾病负担、损伤和风险因素研究(GBD)2016提供了195个国家下呼吸道感染负担的更新分析。本研究评估了过去26年的病例、死亡、病因,展示了所有年龄中下呼吸道感染负担如何改变。

方法:研究人员对GBD2016的下呼吸道感染使用了3个独立的建模策略:贝叶斯分层集成建模平台(死因集成建模),该平台使用了人口登记、死因推断数据和监测系统数据,从而预测因下呼吸道感染造成的死亡;分隔Meta回归工具(DisMod-MR),该工具使用了科学文献、人口代表调查和医疗数据,从而预测发病率、患病率和死亡率;因肺炎链球菌、B型流感嗜血杆菌、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒造成的下呼吸道感染发作的人口归因分数的反事实估计模型。对于每个年龄、性别、年份和地点,研究人员计算了每个模型的评估值。研究人员使用DisMod-MR和时空高斯过程回归,对给定风险因素人群的暴露水平进行了建模,并评估了5岁以下儿童中,每个风险因素的靶向干预的有效性。研究人员使用GBD2016中下呼吸道感染相关的风险因素,对2000~2016年下呼吸道感染死亡的改变进行了分解分析。

结果:2016年,下呼吸道感染造成世界上652572例5岁以下儿童死亡(95%不确定区间(UI),586475~720612),1080958例70岁以上成人死亡(943749~1170638),2377697例所有年龄死亡(2145584~2512809)。肺炎链球菌为全球下呼吸道感染发病率和死亡率的首要原因,2016年,其造成的死亡比所有其他病因造成死亡的组合还要多(1189937例;95% UI,690445~1770660)。儿童营养不良仍然是5岁以下儿童下呼吸道感染死亡的首要风险因素,占到了2016年下呼吸道感染死亡的61.4%(95% UI,45.7~69.6)。在下呼吸道感染负担最高的国家中,每对4000名儿童实施改善营养不良、家庭空气污染、大气颗粒物污染和扩大抗生素使用的干预措施,可避免1例下呼吸道感染造成的5岁以下儿童死亡。

结论:结果表明,在降低下呼吸道感染负担上取得了实质性进展,但是该进展并不是在所有地区都相等。取得的进展主要由一些主要风险因素的降低造成,需要对老年人给予更多的努力。通过强调具有最高负担的地区和人口负担,以及具有最高影响的风险因素,资助者、政策制定者和项目实施者可更有效地减少世界上最易感人群的下呼吸道感染。

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    2019-09-12 howi
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    2018-11-10 zhmscau
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Eur Respir J:免疫抑制对呼吸机相关性下呼吸道感染发病率、病原学和转归的影响!

由此可见,免疫功能低下者发生VA-LRTI的比例显著降低,但它与较高的死亡率相关。在免疫功能低下的VA-LRTI患者中经常出现多药耐药菌感染。

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