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急性肺水肿抢救的6个“救命药”

2017-04-04 光啊 医学界呼吸频道

左心功能不全时,由于肺淤血,可出现急性肺水肿,此时该如何抢救,如何用药呢,下文为大家概括了首选或备选药物。

左心功能不全时,由于肺淤血,可出现急性肺水肿,此时该如何抢救,如何用药呢,下文为大家概括了首选或备选药物。
1. 硝酸甘油

硝酸甘油(NTG)仍然是目前首选的扩血管药,尤其是急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者,早期积极使用硝酸甘油可以改善预后。舌下含化十分方便,如果有患者来不及建立静脉通道时,首选舌下服用,然后静脉用药,60-100μg/min静滴。尤其适用于皮肤温暖潮湿(warm and wet)的患者,禁用于主动脉狭窄、肺动脉高压、右心室梗死。

与大剂量速尿对比研究的结果显示,大剂量NTG可降低死亡率。具体使用时要根据患者血压情况调节剂量。

2. 袢利尿剂

袢利尿剂也是急性肺水肿救治药物,但使用中存在一定困惑:SOLVD试验显示,左室功能不全的患者应用后致命性心律失常发生率高;约半数急性肺水肿患者血容量正常或血容量低,即急性心衰并无液体过载而是体液分布异常;速尿注射后的即刻效应为血管收缩伴后负荷增加(肺毛细血管楔嵌压升高、肾灌注降低),利尿作用发生在用药后40min。

因此,要先给硝酸甘油和(或)舌下含用卡托普利,然后再给适量利尿剂,不作为首选药物。

3. ACEI类药物

ACEI类药物舌下给药方便易行,5分钟内起效。药品可先浸水再置于舌下,以加快吸收。血压为100-110mmHg者给12.5mg,>110mmHg者给25mg。ACEI类药物可改善预后,减少机械通气率与住院时间,而且很少出现头痛、心悸、潮红副作用,可与硝酸甘油合用于高血压或不耐受大剂量硝酸甘油者,两药合用有协同效果。

卡托普利起效慢于硝酸甘油,但作用明显持久,用药后10min可产生降低前、后负荷的效果。急性肺水肿救治时,建议使用扩血管药后20-30min,再给予利尿剂,以赢得改善肾血流灌注的时间。

4. 洋地黄

目前认为洋地黄药物对急性肺水肿抢救无使用价值,如果患者有快速性房颤多使用电复律或胺碘酮负荷量静脉推注,不主张首选洋地黄药物。当然,它具有增强心肌收缩力、减轻前负荷又不增加心脏工作负荷的作用,较小剂量维持治疗的毒性反应很少见,可作为上述药物使用基础上的长期和慢性期治疗的选择。

洋地黄药物适应证是:各种收缩性心功能障碍、左室射血分数<25%、心胸比例>0.55、第三心音阳性者获益最大;老年心律衰竭患者。对爆发性心肌炎合并心衰、风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴快速房颤患者可以考虑使用。使用时要关注血钾和肾功能,尤其在低血钾时容易出现中毒副反应。

5.其他正性肌力药

主要指米力农,对灌注不足患者,米力农可以提升血压、增加心排血量;多巴酚丁胺可轻度降低前、后负荷,但用过β-阻滞剂者可能需要大剂量应用。

氨茶碱由于副作用多,对急性肺水肿疗效不确定所以基本不使用。

6.吗啡

大部分临床医生会用,因为传统概念认为吗啡有镇静、扩张周围静脉血管降低前负荷的作用。但最新研究显示,急性失代偿期心衰患者使用吗啡会增加气管插管率和院内死亡率。另外它也有副作用,如抑制心肌收缩,诱发恶心、呕吐,从而促发交感进一步兴奋。

现在主张用安定静脉使用替代吗啡。

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    2017-04-12 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习。

    0

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    2017-04-06 小华子
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    2017-04-06 lfyang

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临床麻醉十个棘手问题的处理

一、肺水肿处理肺水肿(pulmonary edema)系指肺毛细血管内液体浸人到肺组织所造成的肺气体弥散障碍,引起呼吸困难及泡沫样痰(无色或粉红色粘液),其基本生理功能紊乱为体液从肺毛细血管渗出速度超过了肺淋巴管所能吸收的速度,使大量渗出液积聚于肺间质及肺泡。【病因】l.液体过多.输液过多或过快,机体水排除障碍,水中毒。2.高龄(>70岁)或新生儿及小儿,心血管疾病,高血压,肾功能不全。

NEJM:警惕胸腔穿刺术后复张性肺水肿并发症

患者,男,67岁,患有晚期酒精性肝硬化,因渐进性呼吸困难入院治疗。胸片显示右侧胸腔有大量积液(A图)。因怀疑为肝性胸水,对其进行 胸腔穿刺术,抽取渗出液1500ml。  A图 4小时后出现咳嗽、呼吸急促、心动过速症状,听诊右肺湿罗音。氧饱和度为82%。胸部CT显示右肺散在实变影及磨玻璃样阴影(B图),表明为复张性肺水肿。   B图 患者接受利尿剂治疗及

碘普罗胺致非心源性肺水肿1例及病例讨论

   病例简介   患者男,68岁,因呼吸困难8小时于2009年12月1日入呼吸重症监护病房。   8小时前,患者因原发性肝癌行肝动脉导管化疗,经导管以2.5 ml/s速度注入碘普罗胺30 ml。输注完毕后20分钟,患者突发呼吸困难伴咳嗽,咯透明稀薄痰,无寒战、发热、胸痛、咯血,无皮肤

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