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原卫生部长高强:医改投入很大效果不彰

2016-01-13 新华社瞭望智库 新华社瞭望智库

高强认为,国家在医改领域的投入很大,但效果不彰,原因是投向上出了问题,目前补需方不补供方的做法是照搬西方国家,但中国的医保体系不如西方完善,还有很多费用需要个人负担,如果不负责供方的投入和管理,保障不了群众利益。十八届五中全会提出,推进健康中国建设,深化医药卫生体制改革,理顺药品价格,实行医疗、医保、医药联动,建立覆盖城乡的基本医疗卫生制度和现代医院管理制度。医改多年以来,虽取得一定成绩,但深

高强认为,国家在医改领域的投入很大,但效果不彰,原因是投向上出了问题,目前补需方不补供方的做法是照搬西方国家,但中国的医保体系不如西方完善,还有很多费用需要个人负担,如果不负责供方的投入和管理,保障不了群众利益。

十八届五中全会提出,推进健康中国建设,深化医药卫生体制改革,理顺药品价格,实行医疗、医保、医药联动,建立覆盖城乡的基本医疗卫生制度和现代医院管理制度。

医改多年以来,虽取得一定成绩,但深层次的一些重大问题,特别是群众非常关切的一些问题,还没有得到解决,还需要一套非常健全的体系和能力去支撑以上目标的实现。

第一,一定要有完善的推动医疗卫生改革的制度体系。

这个制度体系,包括法律或者法规,包括国家制定的一系列宏观政策和措施。从下面讲,包括具体的实施单位的工作方式和方法,都要明确,否则目标难以落实。例如,现在的医药、医疗、医保由不同的部门管理,三医联动不能仅停留在时间节点的联动上。真正的三医联动是各部门围绕同一个目标而行动。而现在分散分割的联动法,部门间尚且存在很多矛盾和冲突,难以实现真正的联动,需要从制度上突破。

又如,公立医院的公益性到底如何界定,要明确。公立医疗机构不通过医疗服务谋取利益,维护公众利益,这就是公益性。至于具体的做法,不同的发展阶段有不同的要求。不管医保还是群众,负担相应成本的支付费用是现阶段应该做的,目前我国还做不到全民免费。

科学合理的薪酬制度也没有建立起来。政府对于医生工资没有任何保障,没有规范制度,靠医院从市场上获取。最近几年医生工资增长的速度没有人统计,估计也不敢统计,高的不得了。现在的困难在于,工资制度按照什么标准定。按照高标准,谁都负担不起。按照低标准,医生又没有积极性。保护医生积极为人民健康服务积极性,同时提供相应的保障条件,现在问题是政府既没有保障条件,也不负责监管。

分级医疗提出已有一段时间。现在出现了不少医疗联合体,但很多都算不上真正的医联体,比如基层有病人治不了,大医生过去做台手术,然后走了,或者请大医院医生提供服务,这就是联合体吗?

真正的医联体是大医院、中小医院以及基层医疗机构真正成为一个整体,但并不是合并为一个机构。联合体内的各医疗机构都是独立的法人,但有一个科学合作的机制规定,什么样的病人到哪一类机构去。而且,各类机构间人才力量可以共享。当然,需要有合理的利益分配机制,政府应当对于这种联合体的建立和完善给予一些经费支持。

基本药物,这么多年就是管一个目录。完整的基本药物目录,首先确定一个目录,从上游来讲,就是基本药品的生产质量供应保障,这个比较健全。再就是价格要公平合理,不能过多地靠卖药挣钱,药企是企业,应该有合理的利润水平,但又是承担了维护健康职责的特殊企业,国家对于药企应该有各种政策,包括财税政策,同时也要有严格的制度规范。

适应基本药物制度规定的管理政策、措施和办法。包括不同层次的医保机构整合,管理机构的整合。现在职工医保、城镇居民医保属人社部门管理,新农合归卫生部门管理,多部门管容易出问题,应该整合。但问题在于整合到人社部门,还是卫生部门。这需要认真研究,不是简单的机构整合问题,要和医疗服务密切结合。世界上绝大多数国家的医疗服务和医疗保险是一个部门管,而不是分开管。医保和其他社会保险完全性质不同,它是医保机构、医保部门、医疗机构和广大患者之间的利益平衡,如果分开管的话,医保部门,要有办法制约医院的医疗行为,但在公立医疗机构改革不到位的时候,医院会有办法反过来制约患者。

总的来说,要首先完善制度体系,中央明确提出的理念、目标、原则和要求,要具体化,落实到政策上,落实到保障上,落实到运行机制和行动上,这样的制度体系才算完整。如果经过一段时间,证明体系设计成熟,运行良好,上升为法律。

第二,制度体系建设好以后,谁来落实最关键,要有健全的实施体系。

现在医改的实施体系是分散的,各自为政,难以形成合力,当然效果不好。虽然现在有医改办,但它实际上不是一个实体,只是把各部门召集起来研究问题,意见能否统一和落实并不确定。如何将医改相关实施部门和单位整合成统一的、形成合力的体系,很重要。

例如,为了实现公立医院的公益性,有关部门围绕这一目标共同商量怎么协同发力。市场化肯定维护不了公益性,肯定不会破除逐利行为,那么到底应该怎么做,应该制定哪些政策措施,谁来负责,这是政府行为。现在为什么有些政策措施落实不了,形不成整体。各自为政,而且彼此之间存在很多矛盾。

第三,应该建立一个严格的考核体系。

医疗卫生改革已经推行了六年多,将近七年,成效如何,谁来评价。目前没有一套体系。都是一套话,先说取得了巨大的成绩,又说存在着不少问题,然后还要进一步深化改革。如此而已。"浅水区"怎么做,到了"深水区"还是怎么做。

对医疗卫生改革,要有一个严格的目标体系,才能考核。上级政府考核下级政府,下级政府考核有关部门,有关部门考核医疗机构,医疗机构考核每个医生,层层监督,现在的监督体系挂在口头,也缺乏问责。

第四,要建立有力的保障体系。

首先要有法律保障和制度保障明确规定各类主体的职责和权限。从体制上来讲,医疗改革不仅是改革医疗,卫生改革也并非只是改革卫生,而是整个与医疗卫生有关政策体系的改革,都要形成保障体系。但现在没有相关法律,连统一的保障政策都没有。

二要有财力保障。近年来财政对医改的投入增加了很多,但效果很小。投入增长幅度和老百姓应该享受的利益并不吻合。原因在哪?在投向,投入的方向。现在一直强调,补需方,不补供方,西方很多国家都是这么做的,但按照中国国情,完全照搬会出问题。

补需方、不补供方的前提是什么?医疗保险体系非常完整。保老百姓的利益,实际上就是多投入医保,群众按照规定交多少钱进医保,看病以后,医院支付费用直接到医保结算,群众不会和医生发生利益冲突。而我国现在将近一半费用由个人承担,医保只负担目录内的70%,目录外还有一大片是完全群众自费,如果不负责供方的投入和管理,保障不了群众利益。

所以从中国国情来讲,既要管供方,也要管需方,需方就是不断地提高医疗保险标准,供方就是既要保障其必不可少的财力,同时有效监管,使费用增长保持合理水平上。

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    2016-01-19 老段

    说句实话

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    2016-01-19 I come

    实话

    0

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    2016-01-15 tidiq
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58440, encodeId=3c3458440f4, content=说句实话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 22:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58370, encodeId=1d4a583e087, content=实话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 13:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1286539, encodeId=1b1512865395b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebac3442063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34420, encryptionId=ebac3442063, topicName=医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Fri Jan 15 04:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443316, encodeId=51c914433168d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d2d0366e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卫生部#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36676, encryptionId=d2d0366e60a, topicName=卫生部)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=538e5060306, createdName=12498e67m29暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jan 15 04:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=57231, encodeId=18255e231f6, content=敢说真话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuHfSLw3PzIKiaSnTBUuAtRkrrxWpibukl35iciaGtBq4LYQv4ian1tPC3IdmzWI2dZ3cDC8wUg5CnBxlJ/0, createdBy=33a51675735, createdName=jiangxianchen, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 12:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=57161, encodeId=528d5e16185, content=实话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 07:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=57001, encodeId=0c3e5e001d9, content=呵呵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 18:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56962, encodeId=d9b056962b8, content=实话实说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58440, encodeId=3c3458440f4, content=说句实话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 22:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=58370, encodeId=1d4a583e087, content=实话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuK9CDibOwszLoEBg36ZXqzB5NDasNV9GTfFDmBicM1V8hUS4OtTicG3IiaFIKq4wqD23LUxORRJXqjVs/0, createdBy=00e81647535, createdName=I come, createdTime=Tue Jan 19 13:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1286539, encodeId=1b1512865395b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebac3442063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#医改#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=34420, encryptionId=ebac3442063, topicName=医改)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b3e9205, createdName=tidiq, createdTime=Fri Jan 15 04:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1443316, encodeId=51c914433168d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d2d0366e60a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#卫生部#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36676, encryptionId=d2d0366e60a, topicName=卫生部)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=538e5060306, createdName=12498e67m29暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Jan 15 04:59:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=57231, encodeId=18255e231f6, content=敢说真话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=116, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuHfSLw3PzIKiaSnTBUuAtRkrrxWpibukl35iciaGtBq4LYQv4ian1tPC3IdmzWI2dZ3cDC8wUg5CnBxlJ/0, createdBy=33a51675735, createdName=jiangxianchen, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 12:42:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=57161, encodeId=528d5e16185, content=实话, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160113/IMG569619FEB03536446.jpg, createdBy=85f81678980, createdName=Lynee劲飞扬, createdTime=Thu Jan 14 07:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=57001, encodeId=0c3e5e001d9, content=呵呵, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=90f31612316, createdName=xiaotaiyang1, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 18:10:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=56962, encodeId=d9b056962b8, content=实话实说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Wed Jan 13 17:17:00 CST 2016, time=2016-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-01-14 jiangxianchen

    敢说真话

    0

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    2016-01-14 Lynee劲飞扬

    实话

    0

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    2016-01-13 xiaotaiyang1

    呵呵

    0

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    2016-01-13 老段

    实话实说

    0

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