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Cell Stem Cell:美发现乳腺癌细胞与乳腺干细胞相似

2012-02-11 MedSci MedSci原创

2月3日,Cell Stem Cell杂志上的一篇研究论文报告称,在几种人类乳腺癌中发现的遗传标记与小鼠胚胎中乳腺组织的干细胞的遗传标记存在引人注目的相似性。这些发现表明,肿瘤细胞破坏了在正常生长中指导未成熟细胞发育为器官的遗传程序。 这个最早在19世纪末提出来的理论复苏了,该理论认为正常胚胎中的器官发育与肿瘤的发生是相关的。索尔克生物研究所的科学家对小鼠的器官发育进行研究,以试图揭开人类乳

2月3日,Cell Stem Cell杂志上的一篇研究论文报告称,在几种人类乳腺癌中发现的遗传标记与小鼠胚胎中乳腺组织的干细胞的遗传标记存在引人注目的相似性。这些发现表明,肿瘤细胞破坏了在正常生长中指导未成熟细胞发育为器官的遗传程序。

这个最早在19世纪末提出来的理论复苏了,该理论认为正常胚胎中的器官发育与肿瘤的发生是相关的。索尔克生物研究所的科学家对小鼠的器官发育进行研究,以试图揭开人类乳腺癌以及其他癌症的发生机制。他们的研究为癌症的预测及个体化诊断和治疗提供了新的方法。

“健康发育的胚胎中的干细胞具有一套GPS系统来使它们注意自己在器官中的位置,”主导了该项研究的索尔克遗传表达实验室的Geoffrey Wahl教授说。“这套系统依靠内部指令及来自环境的外部信号来告诉干细胞在身体中该做什么、去哪里。它刺激干细胞生长并形成更多的干细胞,或者变为不同的细胞以形成复杂的器官,例如乳房。我们的发现告诉我们,这种GPS系统在肿瘤发生过程中遭到了破坏,这也许可以解释为什么会在乳腺肿瘤中检测到干细胞样细胞。”

肿瘤与胚胎组织之间的关系最早是在1870年由Francesco Durante 和 Julius Cohnheim提出来的,他们认为肿瘤是由成人中还处于未成熟的类胚胎期的细胞产生而来的。最近,包括这项研究的共同第一作者Benjamin Spike在内的科学家发现,肿瘤常常含有具干细胞特征的细胞。

因此,许多的科学家和内科医生都在寻找破坏肿瘤中的干细胞样细胞,因为此类细胞可能使得肿瘤更具治疗抗性并可能导致复发。索尔克的科学家目前正在对特种形式的乳腺癌干细胞样细胞进行定性研究,以期可阻止它们的生长。

器官特异性干细胞的遗传活动研究很困难,因为这些细胞非常稀少,且难以与器官中的其他细胞分离开来。不过,索尔克的科学家着重研究来自小鼠胚胎的组织后,他们首次分离到足量的胚胎乳腺干细胞,逐步了解到它们的GPS工作原理。

索尔克的科学家的一个惊人发现是,这些胚胎乳腺干细胞在出生前并没有发育出完成的功能。该发现表明,这样的一个细胞要变成一个细胞还需要一个十分特别的格局。在这种胚胎末期的乳腺干细胞数量丰富,使得他们的分离工作变得简单起来。如此,它们的遗传标记得到确定,然后即可与乳腺癌中的干细胞样细胞的遗传标记进行比较。

胎儿中的乳腺干细胞的标记与在侵润性乳腺癌中发现的干细胞样细胞的标记惊人地相似,包括一种称为“三阴型”的恶性乳腺癌亚型的重要部分。由于这种乳腺癌到目前位置还缺乏有效的分子靶标用于设计个体化治疗策略,该发现显得非常重要。

“在成人中激发肿瘤生成的这些细胞未必是开创全新的基因表达模式,” Benjamin Spike说道。“而是一些肿瘤细胞重新激活并侵蚀管理胚胎组织干细胞功能的程序,包括组成周边胚胎干细胞格局或微环境的相邻细胞的程序。”

这种“共享遗传标记”的发现为科学家们提供了新的手段来研究发育与癌症之间的关联。籍由新的生物学标记的发现,科学家们希望通过揭示肿瘤GPS系统的运行机制而开展个体化的治疗实验。这可能有助医生确定哪些病人能受益于治疗,并确定实施正确的治疗类型。

已经有一些在肿瘤中特异性靶定错乱的遗传途径的药物(如赫塞汀)供医生使用,但是这些疗法目前对某些特定类型的疾病(如三阴型)并不见效。

尽管三阴型癌症细胞缺少三个目前用于指导乳腺癌治疗的关键遗传标记,但科学家的分析对利用与影响胚胎乳腺干细胞生长相似的路径来进行标记非常有信心。

他们发现,胚胎乳腺干细胞对一类已有的靶向疗法非常敏感,因此这些疗法可能对三阴型乳腺癌也有效。目前实验室研究及临床试验已经在对这种可能性进行测试。

“通过对各个患者的肿瘤的遗传学的深入认识,大量有关个体化癌症治疗的工作正在开展”Wahl说。“通过研究小鼠中的原始干细胞,我们的成果为新的靶标及药物的研究提供了方法。”(生物谷Bioon.com)

A Mammary Stem Cell Population Identified and Characterized in Late Embryogenesis Reveals Similarities to Human Breast Cancer

Benjamin T. Spike, Dannielle D. Engle, Jennifer C. Lin, Samantha K. Cheung, Justin La, Geoffrey M. Wahl

Gene expression signatures relating mammary stem cell populations to breast cancers have focused on adult tissue. Here, we identify, isolate, and characterize the fetal mammary stem cell (fMaSC) state since the invasive and proliferative processes of mammogenesis resemble phases of cancer progression. fMaSC frequency peaks late in embryogenesis, enabling more extensive stem cell purification than achieved with adult tissue. fMaSCs are self-renewing, multipotent, and coexpress multiple mammary lineage markers. Gene expression, transplantation, and in vitro analyses reveal putative autocrine and paracrine regulatory mechanisms, including ErbB and FGF signaling pathways impinging on fMaSC growth. Expression profiles from fMaSCs and associated stroma exhibit significant similarities to basal-like and Her2+ intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. Our results reveal links between development and cancer and provide resources to identify new candidates for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

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    2012-08-27 维他命
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    2012-02-13 yxch36
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