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刘梅林:单纯收缩期高血压如何选择药物?

2015-07-02 北京大学第一医院 刘梅林 中华高血压杂志

单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)是老年高血压最为常见的类型。老年人血管弹性纤维减少、胶原纤维增生,使血管壁弹性降低、大动脉的僵硬度增加、主动脉顺应性下降;当心脏收缩时,大动脉缓冲能力降低,导致收缩压增高;而心脏舒张时,由于大动脉弹性减退、回缩力降低,输送的血量减少,导致舒张压降低。因此,老年人动脉硬化导致收缩压升高、舒张压降低和脉压加大,多表现为收缩压升高为主的ISH。一、降压目标《中国高血压防治指南2

单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)是老年高血压最为常见的类型。老年人血管弹性纤维减少、胶原纤维增生,使血管壁弹性降低、大动脉的僵硬度增加、主动脉顺应性下降;当心脏收缩时,大动脉缓冲能力降低,导致收缩压增高;而心脏舒张时,由于大动脉弹性减退、回缩力降低,输送的血量减少,导致舒张压降低。因此,老年人动脉硬化导致收缩压升高、舒张压降低和脉压加大,多表现为收缩压升高为主的ISH。

一、降压目标

《中国高血压防治指南2010》推荐≥65岁老年人的降压目标值为140/90mmHg,≥80岁的高龄老年人降压目标值为150/90mmHg。高血压伴冠心病的患者,降压速度不宜过快,舒张压尽量≥60 mmHg,以免诱发冠状动脉缺血。

2013年欧洲高血压学会/欧洲心脏病学会(ESH/ESC)高血压指南强调收缩压达标,推荐<80岁的老年患者若收缩压≥160mmHg,降压目标为140~150mmHg,如能耐受可降至<140 mmHg,对于一般状况差的患者应根据个体耐受性确定降压目标;≥80岁的高龄老年患者若收缩压≥160 mmHg,生理及精神状况良好时血压应降至140~150mmHg。

2014年美国JNC8高血压指南,推荐≥60岁的高血压患者,收缩压≥150 mmHg或舒张压≥90 mmHg即需启动降压药物治疗,目标血压<150/90 mmHg。

二、药物选择

通常,降压药物更多降低收缩压,降低舒张压的幅度小,因此脉压降低。常用的5类降压药物利尿药、长效钙拮抗剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)及β受体阻滞剂均可用于ISH的治疗。

对ISH患者的治疗强调收缩压达标,若因舒张压不高或降低影响收缩压达标,则不利于降低ISH带来的危害。在强调降压达标的同时,应重视血压过低的危害,收缩压不应过低,避免血压降得过快、波动过大。

建议根据患者的个体特征及危险分层决定降压目标,鼓励选用长效、平稳的降压药物,并根据所合并的疾病选择合理的降压药物,在患者能耐受的前提下,逐步、平稳降压达标。

β受体阻滞剂无禁忌证时,可优先用于合并冠心病、心力衰竭、部分快速心律失常、偏头痛、老年性震颤等疾病的老年高血压患者。ACEI/ARB可为老年高血压合并慢性肾脏病、糖尿病、心力衰竭时的优选药物,但使用期间需注意监测血钾及肾功能情况。

老年高血压合并靶器官损害的治疗,不能单独以血压水平决定治疗策略,重在综合评估,根据不同合并症合理选择降压药物。例如对于高血压合并冠心病的ISH患者,优先选用ACEI及β受体阻滞剂。伴有慢性收缩性心力衰竭的高血压患者,ACEI、醛固酮受体拮抗剂(螺内酯、依普利酮)及β受体阻滞剂等可改善患者的长期预后。高血压合并肾脏损害时,ACEI、ARB降低尿白蛋白排泄率优于钙拮抗剂、利尿剂、β受体阻滞剂,应作为控制血压的首选药物。

联合治疗降压效果好、药物用量小、不良反应少,有利于靶器官的保护,同时提高患者的用药依从性和成本-效益比。当使用单药常规剂量收缩压不能达标时,应采用多种药物联合治疗。长效钙拮抗剂、小剂量利尿剂联合降压效果好,为老年人常用的降压药物。容量负荷过重或血压控制不理想者常需联合使用利尿剂。

可根据个体特点选择不同作用机制的降压药物,以达到协同增效、减少不良反应的目的。ACEI导致咳嗽不能耐受的患者应使用ARB替代治疗,如缬沙坦或坎地沙坦。ACEI/ARB慎用于高血钾症、严重双侧肾动脉狭窄、严重肾功能损害[如肌酐>265.2μmol/L或肾小球滤过率<30ml/(min•1.73m2)]的患者。

三、注意事项

测量立位血压评估降压治疗的体位效应,避免体位性低血压及过度降低血压。

对易发生体位性低血压的患者,应根据患者的立位血压和有无脑血管低灌注症状逐步调整血压。

注意避免血压波动、过快过低降压导致低灌注而诱发心脑血管事件。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1935811, encodeId=9b961935811b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=37a0362e3eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#单纯收缩期高血压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36273, encryptionId=37a0362e3eb, topicName=单纯收缩期高血压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18b32500069, createdName=108807375_62823127, createdTime=Tue Dec 15 20:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30962, encodeId=68db30962b9, content=不错!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e880105337, createdName=famous, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 06:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30540, encodeId=be70305406a, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat Jul 04 15:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30263, encodeId=e78e3026336, content=那就是A和B是首选咯?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cedb65958, createdName=woshixxh, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 20:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30247, encodeId=a7263024e3e, content=学习了,但好似没说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 16:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30244, encodeId=f7e5302446e, content=单纯的舒张压升高应该用哪一类降压药。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 15:00:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-07 famous

    不错!

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1935811, encodeId=9b961935811b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=37a0362e3eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#单纯收缩期高血压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36273, encryptionId=37a0362e3eb, topicName=单纯收缩期高血压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18b32500069, createdName=108807375_62823127, createdTime=Tue Dec 15 20:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30962, encodeId=68db30962b9, content=不错!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e880105337, createdName=famous, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 06:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30540, encodeId=be70305406a, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat Jul 04 15:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30263, encodeId=e78e3026336, content=那就是A和B是首选咯?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cedb65958, createdName=woshixxh, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 20:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30247, encodeId=a7263024e3e, content=学习了,但好似没说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 16:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30244, encodeId=f7e5302446e, content=单纯的舒张压升高应该用哪一类降压药。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 15:00:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-04 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-07-02 woshixxh

    那就是A和B是首选咯?

    0

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    2015-07-02 午夜星河

    学习了,但好似没说

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1935811, encodeId=9b961935811b3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=37a0362e3eb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#单纯收缩期高血压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36273, encryptionId=37a0362e3eb, topicName=单纯收缩期高血压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18b32500069, createdName=108807375_62823127, createdTime=Tue Dec 15 20:28:00 CST 2015, time=2015-12-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30962, encodeId=68db30962b9, content=不错!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=152, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e880105337, createdName=famous, createdTime=Tue Jul 07 06:43:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30540, encodeId=be70305406a, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=142, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Sat Jul 04 15:07:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30263, encodeId=e78e3026336, content=那就是A和B是首选咯?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=160, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=cedb65958, createdName=woshixxh, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 20:40:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30247, encodeId=a7263024e3e, content=学习了,但好似没说, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=148, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200609/ef6a57dbe7f1489dad7446b7c5217858/d5e4fe65996c4446a029b0f5d056abb1.jpg, createdBy=6b011518214, createdName=午夜星河, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 16:51:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=30244, encodeId=f7e5302446e, content=单纯的舒张压升高应该用哪一类降压药。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=138, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Thu Jul 02 15:00:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-02, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-02 lovetcm

    单纯的舒张压升高应该用哪一类降压药。

    0

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高血压的表现形式与年龄密切相关。老年高血压患者常表现为单纯收缩期高血压(ISH),而年轻患者中单纯舒张压增高更为常见。然而,少数年轻人也可以表现为ISH,这些患者是否需要药物治疗尚存争议。 O'Rourke等认为,年轻人与老年人ISH的血流动力学机制有所不同[1]:老年人ISH多由主动脉弹性降低所致,常伴中心动脉压力增高,因而具有显著的临床危害,需要积极治疗。年轻ISH患者的中心动脉压力

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