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鸡蛋上绣花很牛逼?不如来看看心脏上的“绣花术”!

2016-06-12 老沈 老沈说事

先天性心脏病,很多人谈之色变!因为它是我国新生儿最常见的先天畸形,也是导致新生儿死亡最多的疾病之一!

有人炫耀在鸡蛋上绣花,还吹捧为绝活。
外科医生对此——很不屑 !
鸡蛋上绣花难吗?
软皮鸡蛋又如何?
在摆动的软皮蛋上还差不多。
当然要能在摆动的鸽子蛋上绣花,
就可以和心外科医生一比高下了!

因为新生儿的心脏比鸽子蛋略大一点而已!
它还是不停跳动的,
关键是——只能成功,不能失败!
索性拍一组心脏外科全景图,
让大家看看-先天性心脏病-手术实况!

先天性心脏病,
很多人谈之色变!
因为它是我国新生儿最常见的先天畸形,
也是导致新生儿死亡最多的疾病之一!

本文以先天性心脏病中比较多见的法洛氏四联症为例

提醒
纯属专业交流
胆小者勿入
晕血者勿入

5
4
3
2
1
……

患儿,女,三岁,出生就发现患有心脏病,因为父母都是普通农民,家庭贫困,一直未能手术。直到先心筛查时被发现,确诊为法四,得到“天使阳光”基金救助,才得以手术治疗。虽然有点晚,但是尚可以救回一条命。

1、手术前准备

患儿特别听话,被护士抱进手术室后,对于打针并不十分害怕

护士用指尖探寻脚部血管

左手桡动脉穿刺

足背动脉穿刺,置动脉连续测血压管

法洛氏四联症(简称法四)顾名思义是心脏上同时有四种畸形:
①肺动脉狭窄;
②室间隔缺损;
③主动脉骑跨;
④右心室肥厚。
通过心脏外科手术,逐一解决以上四个畸形。

2、手术开始

法四属于复杂型先天性心脏病,需要外科手术治疗,切口一般选择在胸口正前方。

外科医生进行消毒
(除手术区域外,其他位置做了模糊处理)

手术区域贴膜

切开皮肤

电切刀止血
下一步是锯开胸骨,图片太……不再放出来

切开胸骨后,露出心包(像一层薄膜)

打开心包,露出心脏
(3岁的心脏因为疾病原因,已经开始扩大)

3、体外循环后开始

此处省略一个重要的环节——建立体外循环。

手术期间,需要切开心脏。为此,需要提前建立一套体外循环路径,维持患儿身体基本的需求。人类发明了体外循环机,暂时代替心脏运作,把全身的静脉血回收,氧合作用后,再泵到全身。此过程比较复杂,难于用图片展示。

以下所有图片中,心脏周围延伸出来的红色管道即是连接体外循环机的。

选择需要打开的位置

小心谨慎,切开右心室流出道肥厚肌肉

逐渐扩大刀口,露出内部结构

肺动脉到底狭窄到什么程度?
此时选用探测器进行衡量,图中间圆柱状金属即是。
它分成粗细不一的多种型号,以便于准确测量。

此时,还可以看到增厚的右心室。
由于患儿肺动脉瓣环狭窄,故切口延长到瓣环以上的肺动脉位置。

4、切除右心室肥厚的部分

右心室肥厚,是法四的一个重要表现,主要是因为肺动脉狭窄,导致右心室收缩用力,久而久之导致肥厚。本手术需要对肥厚的心肌进行切除,至于切除的方式和切除多少合适,很大程度上取决于外科医生的经验和判断。

探查

镊子夹住的即是切下的肥厚心肌

切除完毕后,右心室内腔明显扩大

5、修补室间隔缺损

单一的室间隔缺损或者房间隔缺损,动脉导管未闭,肺动脉瓣狭窄等,被称为简单性先心病,其中部分可以采用微创介入方式,进行封堵。封堵需要考虑它的位置,大小等多重因素。当合并多种畸形时,一般直接外科治疗。

切除右心室肥厚肌肉后,开始修补室间隔缺损。

修补室间隔缺损选用的材料——涤纶布

根据室间隔缺损的大小和形状,用剪刀剪出相应的大小和形状。

对应位置缝合

缝半圈后,收紧放入心室

用此垫片将缺损位置“堵住”

周围缝合严实

剪去多余的缝合线,室间隔修复完成,血液不再分流。

6、加宽右室流出道

修补完室间隔缺损后,进行下一步,加宽右室流出道。

准备心包

准备特制的涤纶布

将特制的涤纶布和心包重叠,制作成补片
(涤纶布起到坚固作用,心包起到防止渗血的作用)

沿着补片四周固定,使心包和涤纶布结成一个整体

固定后,将心包剪下

对应需要补的位置连续缝合

继续缝合,直到四周缝合完毕

已经缝合完一多半

缝合完毕,右室流出道位置得到了有效扩大

7、缝合房间隔

房间隔由于缺损很小,不需要增加垫片,直接用针缝制即可。

由于位置相对隐蔽,没有足够的暴露,仅拍下一张打结图。

修复房间隔之后,心脏复位

右室流出道的补片清晰可见

8、关胸

心脏手术结束,该补的已经补上,该修的已经修好。

测试完各项功能后,逐步升温,开放主动脉,测肺动脉、右室流出道及右室压力,监测手术疏通效果。

各项指标满意后,停体外循环,止血关胸。

细长的针,用来测试心脏内压力

关胸第一步:钢丝固定胸骨
白色软管为引流管

拉紧,固定,剪去多余的钢丝

关胸第二步:缝合肌肉脂肪层

关胸第三步:缝合皮肤

缝合完毕

包扎完毕

9、手术花絮

为了给心脏降温,术中需用碎冰块降温

患儿血管太细,每扎一针都是一种考验

外科医生不仅要准确操作每一步,还要面临传染等。
(口罩上就是喷射而出的血)

此类手术一般需要三个小时左右,患儿手术后直接转到ICU,数小时患儿循环稳定清醒后,拔除气管插管,一两天后便可以转到普通病房。术后一周便可以出院。

看到这里,谁还会认为鸡蛋上绣花很牛逼?
和外科先心矫治手术,它简直弱爆了!
当然本文不是拉仇恨,旨在科普!继续向下看:

先心,您还需关注以下问题!

创伤:很多人看到后害怕创伤,期望做微创的手术,以免给孩子身上留下伤疤。甚至还有一些患儿家长,对于病情不了解,法四等手术也期望微创。随着医学发展,有些已经普及微创,比如:房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭等,但是都需要综合考虑,没有绝对的微创。在救命面前,创伤依然是次要的问题。

人员:一台心脏搭桥手术,一般包括外科主刀、第一助手、第二助手、巡回护士、器械护士、麻醉医师、体外循环等10人左右共同完成。因此这样的手术不要迷信某一个医生,要看这家医院的综合实力,心脏外科团队实力和配合情况。

时间:一般从患者进手术室,到手术结束转入术后监护室,持续三四个小时左右,具体时间会受到患者身体条件和手术类型影响。

费用:简单地先天性心脏病,例如:室间隔缺损,房间隔缺损,动脉导管未闭、肺动脉瓣狭窄等外科手术20000元左右,封堵30000元以内。法四等复杂先心病手术一般需要3-5万元。

上文介绍的这个小患儿,因为家庭贫困,得到了中国红十字基金会“天使阳光”基金的救助。从入院到出院总费用约5万元,当地新农合医保报销了2万元,天使阳光可以救助3万元,来回路费和在医院的食宿费用均由当地商会爱心人士承担。她属于免费手术。

风险:目前,国内此类手术已经开展的非常成熟,以阜外医院为例,手术成功率已经接近并超越国际前沿水平。有人说是因为中国病人多练出来的,也可以这么说,还有一个原因,就是没有一个中国医生不怕纠纷,纠纷,纠纷!因此国内很多手术的成功率高于世界领先国家的平均水平。

寿命:多数人都问过一个问题,先心病患儿手术后能活多久?这个很难回答,因病种不同,术后肯定不同,有些患儿可能需要二次手术,还有一些本身就是姑息手术,但是对于简单先心病和法四等疾病,一般都属于根治。手术后不影响孩子上学、结婚、生孩子。

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    2016-07-14 oo902

    法洛四联症

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    2016-07-13 oo902

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93023, encodeId=5a829302377, content=法洛四联症, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 00:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=92991, encodeId=4f1092991e3, content=法洛四联症, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Wed Jul 13 20:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89860, encodeId=a1c38986042, content=厉害啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/07/22638f4dca0fa3124e36a26fa80ebaea.jpg, createdBy=8a901736587, createdName=胜利油田中心医院心脏外科, createdTime=Tue Jun 14 17:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89668, encodeId=e3928966841, content=震撼来袭, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 19:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89585, encodeId=2e39895854a, content=好像是我们浙大儿院哦,哈哈,自我满足一下。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KicCANxwouTWRWDuvAic0wPloYRdRKqu2XqddXTxcZ61TiaQZqHmnnIS9VBUicEjYrRUlCp65jTqoP5t/0, createdBy=76b51735233, createdName=wxsession593b2f96, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 15:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89555, encodeId=23b489555c8, content=这个厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89556, encodeId=8e53895566a, content=比较不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-12 老段

    震撼来袭

    0

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    2016-06-12 wxsession593b2f96

    好像是我们浙大儿院哦,哈哈,自我满足一下。

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=93023, encodeId=5a829302377, content=法洛四联症, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=120, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Thu Jul 14 00:31:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=92991, encodeId=4f1092991e3, content=法洛四联症, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=a37a1710612, createdName=oo902, createdTime=Wed Jul 13 20:19:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89860, encodeId=a1c38986042, content=厉害啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/07/22638f4dca0fa3124e36a26fa80ebaea.jpg, createdBy=8a901736587, createdName=胜利油田中心医院心脏外科, createdTime=Tue Jun 14 17:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89668, encodeId=e3928966841, content=震撼来袭, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=146, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2d331664955, createdName=老段, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 19:56:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89585, encodeId=2e39895854a, content=好像是我们浙大儿院哦,哈哈,自我满足一下。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=180, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib06iaV3D9Tg5KicCANxwouTWRWDuvAic0wPloYRdRKqu2XqddXTxcZ61TiaQZqHmnnIS9VBUicEjYrRUlCp65jTqoP5t/0, createdBy=76b51735233, createdName=wxsession593b2f96, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 15:26:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89555, encodeId=23b489555c8, content=这个厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=89556, encodeId=8e53895566a, content=比较不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7cde98330, createdName=milkshark, createdTime=Sun Jun 12 12:57:00 CST 2016, time=2016-06-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-06-12 milkshark

    这个厉害

    0

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    2016-06-12 milkshark

    比较不错

    0

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