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那些“永生”的生物

2015-06-26 佚名 煎蛋网

大多数动植物最终都会死掉,但有些幸运的物种却能无视时间。 永生,更像是诅咒而不是祝颂——蒂索诺斯这才幡然醒悟。这个神话里的特洛伊王子如此俊俏,以致得到曙光女神厄俄斯的眷顾,她恳请宙斯赐予他永生,好让她和他长相厮守。 不过宙斯执文害意,蒂索诺斯死不了,但他会衰老。蒂索诺斯渐渐失去了自己姣好的容颜和青春的身体,厄俄斯很快就没了热乎劲。她最终把他独锁深闺,让他一个人呶呶不已。 这只是传说而已

大多数动植物最终都会死掉,但有些幸运的物种却能无视时间。

永生,更像是诅咒而不是祝颂——蒂索诺斯这才幡然醒悟。这个神话里的特洛伊王子如此俊俏,以致得到曙光女神厄俄斯的眷顾,她恳请宙斯赐予他永生,好让她和他长相厮守。

不过宙斯执文害意,蒂索诺斯死不了,但他会衰老。蒂索诺斯渐渐失去了自己姣好的容颜和青春的身体,厄俄斯很快就没了热乎劲。她最终把他独锁深闺,让他一个人呶呶不已。

这只是传说而已,但往往就是这样,事实比虚构还要酷炫。许多物种在技术层面就是真·永生。不像可怜的蒂索诺斯,它们连玻尿酸都不用打,就能保持弹弹弹。

一只张牙舞爪的美洲龙虾(美洲螯龙虾)

我们要讨论的是“生物学永生”(biological immortality),尽管许多生物学家宁愿我们别用这个词。

生物学永生机体会消亡,但它们看来不会衰老

“永生意味着你死不掉,这太蠢了。”德国基尔大学的Thomas Bosch说。

尽管这看起来自相矛盾,但生物学不死族是必然会死亡的。它们会被掠食者、疾病或诸如火山爆发等灾变杀死。但不同于人类,它们很少自然死亡。

换言之,生物学永生机体会消亡,但它们看来不会衰老,它们恰恰与蒂索诺斯的境况形同参辰。

刺果松就是一个适例,这些北美的树木简直老掉牙了,它们从5000年前就开始生长:那时候位于今土耳其境内的特洛伊城才刚刚建成。

一株落基山狐尾松(Pinus aristata)

刺果松看上去如此苍老

就外表而言,岁月把刺果松雕琢得如同蒂索诺斯一般。

“这些树垂垂老矣,”英国阿伯里斯特维斯的Howard Thomas说,“它们被闪电击中,被落雪压垮,枝零叶落。”

换句话说,刺果松看上去如此苍老,但细细查究,就能发现不一样的故事。

刺果松能存活几千年

一份2001年发表的调查显示,将年龄超过4700年的刺果松的划分和种子进行对比,发现其突变率并没有随着时间而明显增加。而且,老树的维管组织在功能上跟新树毫无二致。

干细胞历经上千年也能保持年轻和活性

老树饱经风霜,盘根错节,但从细胞水平上看,它们和特洛伊建城时一样保有青春。经过了这么多年,它们的组织一点也没有皱缩。

没有人知道刺果松此番个中缘由,它们如此长寿,你却总也研究不透。但Thomas认为可能其原因在于这些树有一种特殊的“分生组织”。

有一些根与芽分布有干细胞的源头,能产生新生组织。干细胞即使历经上千年也能保持年轻和活性。

“一旦你发生变异,事情就糟糕了,”Thomas说,“但比如细菌培养,非突变细胞似乎要胜过破损的细胞。”

细胞在一株植物根部游弋

还有另一种可能的说法,比利时根特大学的Lieven De Veylder提出,其关键在于植物分生组织存在一小部分被称为“非活性中心”的细胞。

就算拥有分生组织的秘诀,大多数植物也没能打通任督二脉

在这里,细胞以极低的速率分裂,这可能也抑制了分生组织干细胞的分裂。这也似乎见效,因为细胞每分裂一次,就要伴生DNA的致命突变。“只有使干细胞亚群在一般情况下不发生分裂,才能使它们成为近乎完整的备份基因组。”De Veylder说。

2013年,他的团队从一株拟南芥中发现了一种控制非活性中心活性的蛋白质。类似蛋白质或可以帮助如刺果松这样的植物防治细胞衰老,允许它们再活个几千年。

然而,就算拥有分生组织的秘诀,大多数植物也没能打通任督二脉。因为它们生长得太快了。

一棵大盆地刺果松(Pinus longaeva)

(关于落基山狐尾松与大盆地刺果松的区别详见维基百科)

“细胞衰老甚于分生组织的行为,那你只能是一年生或两年生植物。”Thomas说。本质上说,像拟南芥的细胞活动和分裂得如此之快,它们的机体在分生组织修复受损组织之前就已经消耗殆尽了。

Ming是已被现有记录证明的最长寿的动物个体

相比而言,生物学不死族过的就是一种慢生活,那或许也是为什么动物们鲜有能熬过几个世纪的。有一个例外:营寄生生活的动物如珊瑚可以生存4000年以上。然而,珊瑚虫个体却只能存活数年。

蛤蜊Ming已被现有记录证明的最长寿的动物个体。生物学家在2006年从冰岛附近的海床挖掘出这只海洋圆蛤时,它已经507岁了,它当场就被杀死了。

一只像Ming那样的海洋圆蛤(冰岛北极蛤)

Ming死了,它本来是不会死的。在许多动物细胞中,携氧大分子在细胞膜上发生反应,生成的小分子会破坏细胞其他部分。

不是所有的动物都自带方便直观的年龄证明

但2012年的研究发现,海洋圆蛤的细胞拥有能耐受这种破坏的不寻常的细胞膜。Ming活得如此之久是因为它的细胞,就像狐尾松的细胞,代谢速率忽略不计。

Ming已被证明是最长寿的动物,它是一种软体动物,因此生物学家们可以从它外壳的生长纹路计算出它的年龄,就像植物学家数树的年轮那样。

不是所有的动物都自带这种方便直观的年龄证明,它们有一些比Ming还要老。

一只绿色的水螅(Hydra viridissima/H. viridis)

水螅是一种小型软体动物,与水母近亲。小型动物通常没有大型动物活得久,但一个生物学家就曾在实验室培养一只水螅超过4年。这对体长15mm左右的动物而言不可思议。

短短几年的寿命只是因为它们屈从于疾病等不可抗力

甚至,在这个为期4年的实验末期,水螅仍和寿命刚满一天时一样活力四射。水螅是生物学不死族的另一支。

水螅个体具体能活多久没人知道,或许短短几年的寿命只是因为它们屈从于疾病等不可抗力。或许水螅能活过皇阿玛也说不准。

几年前Bosch和他的团队关于水螅少有细胞衰老提出了一种解释,简单来说,这又涉及干细胞。

褐水螅群体(Hydra oligactis)

水螅弱弱的腔体携带了一组异常强大的干细胞,它们如此强大,以至于水螅发生点什么意外掉了半截什么的都能随时补上,这种能力也是水螅名字的由来,神话中勒拿九头蛇能斩首复生。

如果你搞定了FoxO,你也能活得像水螅一样久

真实世界里,水螅的复生能力甚于趴体上的小小把戏:关键时刻加个花。水螅不进行有性繁殖,而代之以出芽生殖。

它用三组不同的干细胞来复制多样的组织,最终形成完整功能的动物体,Bosch和他的团队发现三组干细胞共享一种蛋白质:叉头转录因子(FoxO)。他认为这是防止衰老的关键。

“如果你搞定了FoxO,你也能活得像水螅一样久。”他说。

FoxO蛋白质,嵌合在一些DNA上(底端)

至于FoxO是如何组织水螅尤其是其干细胞衰老的,至今也没有搞清楚原理。

即使100岁的人也不是生物学不死族

但我们了解到它起着一种整合不同分子信号的枢纽作用,包括细胞外部环境。“我们现在在研究这些外部环境的新号是如何与FoxO整合的。”Bosch说。

在整个动物世界,FoxO实际上可能是一种通用的抗衰老机理。人类携带某些版本的FoxO,那些活过100岁的人或许普遍存在另一些变体。

但即使100岁的人也不是生物学不死族,反正不是像水螅那样。再者,灯塔水母并不是水螅那样的生物学不死族,但它们已然不死。

灯塔水母可以返老还童

为了搞清楚为什么,首先最好了解一下灯塔水母复杂的生命周期。

当水母的精子和卵子结合到一起时,它们形成小小的实囊幼体,但幼体并不走寻常路,快乐地长大。而它通常找个坚硬的石头表面之类,然后一头撞上去,撞出软体的分支结构,即水螅体。

就像一只蝴蝶突然厌倦了飞翔,又钻回虫蛹

绝大多时候这些幼体自身分裂出微小的克隆体——就像水螅一样出芽生殖——但有些种属也特立独行。它分离出能的自由游弋的小型雄性或雌性水母,再长成成体,然后产生精子或卵子。总之就是爷怎么高兴怎么来,任性得一塌糊涂。

大多数水母可以在这个复杂的生命周期的大部分阶段逆转其生长态势,但一旦它们长成性成熟的成体,它们就失去了这种倒转乾坤的技能。

灯塔水母违背了根本的规则,特别是,即使性成熟的成体也可以反转为未发育成熟的幼体,它们就样躲过了生死薄,实现了可能的永生,这就像一只蝴蝶突然厌倦了飞翔,又钻回虫蛹。

一只道恩灯塔水母(Turritopsis dohrnii/T. nutricula)

正如多数生物学不死机体的案例,灯塔水母的这个技能也是一个谜。看起来它们在蜕变中细胞过程涉及了一次异乎寻常的逆转。而这个过程就是毛虫向蝴蝶的蜕变。

水母与其他动物没多少共同点,这也是它们的无性繁殖的方式,以及它们的永生,在我们眼里如此奇特。

但即使在有性繁殖的动物里,生物学不死也不是闻所未闻

有两点特征或许可以联系起来,Bosch说。如果干细胞对于生物学不死的动物而言至关重要,那么动物出于自我克隆的目的就不得不携带这类强大的干细胞,这样一来就得以永生。

但另一方面,有性繁殖无疑是通往早夭的一张单程票。

“或许你可以辩称你需要大量的体力制造配子(精子或卵子),那会杀了动物本身。”Bosch说。雄性阔脚袋鼩就是活生生的例子,这种类鼠有袋目疯狂交配直至精尽人亡。

但即使在有性繁殖的动物里,生物学不死也不是闻所未闻,美洲龙虾有话要说。

美洲龙虾(Homarus americanus)就是生物学不死一族

大多数动物当它们达到性成熟的时候或多或少会停止生长,但美洲龙虾可不会。并且,这样一只成年的龙虾一旦它们遭逢不测还能复生一只前肢来。

染色体端粒越短,寿命越短

这些特征表明美洲龙虾保持着一种令人赞叹的复生的本领,即便是完全的成体。这就足以解释额为什么有些大型样本至少有个140岁了。

龙虾的长寿或许可以与它们的DNA行为联系起来。动物细胞内长染色体末端有特殊结构,叫作端粒,用于保护DNA。

但当细胞分裂,染色体复制时,端粒就短一点点,因为复制过程无法顾及染色体最末端。

位于染色体末端的端粒(粉色)用于保护DNA

染色体端粒越短,寿命就越短。但美洲龙虾用一种端粒酶来维持端粒的长度,以避免其缩短。1998年一份研究报告指出,这种酶在它们寸寸肌肤中都找得到,想必是酶的作用,让美洲龙虾一口气上五楼不费劲。

染色体端粒酶帮助肿瘤生长和扩散

换言之,美洲龙虾的细胞在常态下显然不会衰老,这使得美国龙虾生物学不死。

染色体末端端粒是使任何生物体延缓衰老的有效途径。但实际上鲜有证据表明这个机制被采用过,不管是不死的植物还是永生的低等动物如水母。Bosch说它或许是高等动物独有。

当然,哺乳动物也携带有染色体端粒酶,在人类身上,它们活跃在海拉细胞中:第一类已被证实的永生的人类细胞。

但在这个案例中,永生反而让人感觉闷闷的。海拉细胞如此命名是因为它们取自于——未经本人同意——Henrietta Lacks,她因子宫癌死于1951年。

染色体端粒酶帮助肿瘤生长和扩散,这或许是哺乳动物只能在少数类型的细胞中才用得上它们的缘故。海拉癌细胞或许是不死的,但它们的出现却夺走了Henrietta Lacks的生命。

海拉细胞是人类细胞,并且是生物学不死的

我们的“种系”细胞,形成精子和卵细胞,不会衰老

癌细胞不是人体内发现的唯一永生的细胞。我们的“种系”细胞也不会衰老。它们形成精子和卵细胞,它们如此攸关生命而足以抵挡衰老,所以小baby出生的时候很幼很嫩。

容我赘述一下小baby这个概念:是不是所有的新生儿都很幼嫩?不是,多利羊就不是。

多利羊,和一只无名的手

多利羊由成年羊的乳腺细胞克隆而来,它们扛不住衰老,所以它出生的时候满脸沧桑,多利羊刚出生时,体内细胞的端粒酶实在太短了,以至于它衰老得比那些不经克隆的同龄的羊只快得多,最终它在大好韶华的6岁的年纪就因为肺病而一命呜呼。

人们在同个体死亡的争斗中,也许是稍感宽心的

“对于人类等生物体而言,永恒之种就是,我们有一个重置时钟的机制。”Thomas说。

对于这一点,或许你不会感到惊喜,永恒之种就是我们的生殖细胞,染色体端粒酶或是一个关键,但这不是故事的全部。这意味着对抗衰老将是一条漫漫征途,不管护肤霜的广告说得多好听。

人们在同个体死亡的争斗中,也许是稍感宽心的。我们个体衰亡了,但因为我们的生殖细胞的特性,我们的种系并不会衰亡。从这个角度而言,人类生生不息直至永生。

原始出处:

The animals and plants that can live forever.BBC.

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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32935, encodeId=71f23293588, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 22:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29752, encodeId=598b29e521f, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29753, encodeId=fade29e532a, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29754, encodeId=00d129e5455, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29755, encodeId=0d7929e5516, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29756, encodeId=3d3929e567d, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29592, encodeId=565b2959251, content=瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29591, encodeId=4be1295915d, content=冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29574, encodeId=a6e3295e43e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 12:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-07-16 Gsurgeon

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32935, encodeId=71f23293588, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 22:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29752, encodeId=598b29e521f, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29753, encodeId=fade29e532a, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29754, encodeId=00d129e5455, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29755, encodeId=0d7929e5516, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29756, encodeId=3d3929e567d, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29592, encodeId=565b2959251, content=瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29591, encodeId=4be1295915d, content=冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29574, encodeId=a6e3295e43e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 12:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-28 summer474cn

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32935, encodeId=71f23293588, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 22:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29752, encodeId=598b29e521f, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29753, encodeId=fade29e532a, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29754, encodeId=00d129e5455, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29755, encodeId=0d7929e5516, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29756, encodeId=3d3929e567d, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29592, encodeId=565b2959251, content=瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29591, encodeId=4be1295915d, content=冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29574, encodeId=a6e3295e43e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 12:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-28 summer474cn

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32935, encodeId=71f23293588, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 22:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29752, encodeId=598b29e521f, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29753, encodeId=fade29e532a, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29754, encodeId=00d129e5455, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29755, encodeId=0d7929e5516, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29756, encodeId=3d3929e567d, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29592, encodeId=565b2959251, content=瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29591, encodeId=4be1295915d, content=冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29574, encodeId=a6e3295e43e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 12:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-28 summer474cn

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32935, encodeId=71f23293588, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 22:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29752, encodeId=598b29e521f, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29753, encodeId=fade29e532a, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29754, encodeId=00d129e5455, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29755, encodeId=0d7929e5516, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29756, encodeId=3d3929e567d, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29592, encodeId=565b2959251, content=瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29591, encodeId=4be1295915d, content=冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29574, encodeId=a6e3295e43e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 12:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-28 summer474cn

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=32935, encodeId=71f23293588, content=牛, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=118, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0a6a1604604, createdName=Gsurgeon, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 22:50:00 CST 2015, time=2015-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29752, encodeId=598b29e521f, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=135, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29753, encodeId=fade29e532a, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29754, encodeId=00d129e5455, content=,, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=143, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29755, encodeId=0d7929e5516, content=?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=110, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29756, encodeId=3d3929e567d, content=。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150526/IMG5564536F3C41D5237.jpg, createdBy=4c0c1612254, createdName=summer474cn, createdTime=Sun Jun 28 06:54:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29592, encodeId=565b2959251, content=瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:34:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29591, encodeId=4be1295915d, content=冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=96871613250, createdName=medcardio, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 14:33:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=29574, encodeId=a6e3295e43e, content=看看, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ee0d1618732, createdName=huaxipanxing, createdTime=Fri Jun 26 12:46:00 CST 2015, time=2015-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-06-28 summer474cn

    0

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    2015-06-26 medcardio

    瑞典最最长寿欧洲云杉 9500岁超过长寿之王龙血树(图) 。MedSci中有

    0

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    2015-06-26 medcardio

    冷杉应该是寿命最长的植物,比龙血树寿命还长

    0

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    2015-06-26 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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