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Cell:比瘦素还管用!调节脑部细胞可以减肥,可预防肥胖相关疾病

2017-08-01 文姜 生物探索

美国洛克菲勒大学研究人员的一项研究表明解决肥胖的办法可能就存在于我们的脑部。相关文章于7月27日发表于Cell上。

美国洛克菲勒大学研究人员的一项研究表明解决肥胖的办法可能就存在于我们的脑部。相关文章于7月27日发表于Cell上。

论文的第一作者Alexander Nectow说:“我们已经确定了两个能有效调节食欲的、新的脑细胞群体。”这两种类型的细胞位于脑干的一部分,称为中缝背核(dorsal raphe nucleus),是可以通过控制寻找食物的饥饿信号来治疗肥胖的新靶点。

最新的发现表明进食是脑部中多个部位介导的复杂生物学行为。他们提供了一个解决问题的可能方案,克服了以前在神经元水平上解决肥胖问题的障碍。

在1994年,洛克菲勒分子遗传学实验室的负责人Marilyn M. Simpson教授,通过发现一种叫做瘦素的激素,启动了一个新的肥胖研究时代。它对脑部下丘脑区域的神经元起作用,抑制饥饿感。注射这种激素已被证明能显着减轻瘦素缺乏症患者的体重,然而许多肥胖者对这种疗法没有反应。

通讯作者Jeffrey M. Friedman说:“肥胖通常与瘦素抵抗有关。我们最近的数据表明,用药物调节特定神经元的活性可以绕过瘦素抵抗,并为减肥提供新的手段。”

1发现控制进食的神经元细胞

Nectow和他的同事们把注意力集中在中缝背核,用洛克菲勒大学开发的一项先进技术iDISCO进行全脑成像,揭示了在饥饿的小鼠中脑的这一部分是激活的。后续成像的其它小鼠喂超过正常量的食物,直至饱食,揭示了不同模式的中缝背核活性。这些结果清楚地表明,脑中部分神经元在摄食行为中起作用。

下一步,Nectow解释说是确定哪些组成中缝背核的神经元包含其中。两组小鼠激活细胞的遗传分析表明:饱食小鼠的神经细胞释放出谷氨酸,这是神经细胞用来相互传递信号的化学物质;而饥饿引发的神经元释放了一种不同的神经递质,即GABA。

Nectow说“这样的事情有两种可能性:一种是细胞只是在这个过程中被涉及,它们被饥饿激活,但实际上并没有驱动食物摄取过程。另一种可能性是,他们实际上是饥饿感和反应机制的一部分,在这种情况下,我们怀疑是后者。”

2操纵该系统可以有效降低体重

通过两种已证实的激活靶神经元的方法,一种光学的,一种使用化学物质,研究人员能够启动肥胖小鼠的谷氨酸释放细胞。这样做抑制了动物的食物摄取,使它们减轻体重。它证实了中缝背核神经元被饥饿所启动,确实造成了食物的摄入量增加。

同样地,在脑的同一部分上启动GABA释放神经元细胞起相反的作用,增加食物的摄取量。值得注意的是,启动“饥饿神经元”会自动关闭“饱腹神经元”,最大限度地发挥作用。

研究人员还研究了在肥胖小鼠中关闭饥饿神经元的效果。研究人员高兴地发现,长期抑制这些神经元可以显着降低体重。

研究为脑部如何控制饮食开辟新的研究途径,并建议设计激活或抑制中缝背核神经元的药物可以治疗肥胖和对相关疾病进行有效预防,如糖尿病高血压。它为全世界数亿的肥胖者提供了新的希望。

原始出处:
Nectow AR, Schneeberger M, Zhang H, et al.Identification of a Brainstem Circuit Controlling Feeding.Cell. 2017 Jul 27;170(3):429-442.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.045.

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    2018-05-18 维他命
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    2017-08-03 sodoo
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    2017-08-01 nannanxyy

    好知识

    0

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    2017-08-01 137****9095

    henhao

    0

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    2017-08-01 flysky120

    学习一下知识

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    2017-08-01 1771ae4158m

    学习一下很不错

    0

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