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Science Robotics:纳米机器人“霸气侧漏”!可以送药、手术、解毒

2017-04-10 佚名 生物探索

你能想象,微米、纳米级的机器人在你体内穿行,负责药物运输、毒素清理吗?这便是科学的魅力。集结了机械学、生命医学、纳米科学、人工智能等多学科的智慧和优势,微型/纳米机器人正在生命医学领域发展迅速,且作为广大。这些微小的机器人正在疾病预防、诊断和治疗应用上绽放出不一样的火花。

近年来,微型/纳米机器人在生命医学领域发展迅速,且作为广大。包括药物运输、外科手术、医疗诊断、解毒等在内的应用正展现出这些微小机器人得天独厚的优势。机械学、生命医学、纳米科学等学科的合作和融合,促使了机器人在疾病预防诊断和治疗应用上绽放出不一样的火花。

3月份,《Science Robotics》发表一篇题为“Micro/nanorobots for biomedicine: Delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification”的综述,详细阐述了微型、纳米机器人在生物医学领域的应用现状和前景。

随着动力学、材料学、医学成像等技术的发展以及医生、患者接受度的提高,医疗机器人快速发展。不同于传统的机器人,医疗机器人由细小的零件和智能材料构成,可以进行复杂而精妙的手术、解毒等操作,例如达芬奇手术机器人。科学家们研发的小型、多功能化机器人只有几微米的尺寸,甚至于更小,它们可以到达人体的任何部位,将操作降至细胞水平,以便更精准、高效的诊断和治疗。



实现微型/纳米机器人运动的不同驱动机制(化学反应及磁场、超声波、光、电等外力),以及机器人在生命医学领域不同的应用图示(来源于:综述)

许多研究表明,这些微型/纳米机器人可以穿过复杂的生物结构或者狭窄的毛细血管,进行局部诊断、成像、运载活检样本、靶向释放药物等操作。很多微型/纳米机器人由生物相容性材料构成,可以在任务完成后在人体内逐渐降解、消失。

实现药物的靶向运输

现有的纳米机器人实现药物运输依赖于体循环,缺少定点运输、组织渗透等驱动和导航能力。为了实现药物在疾病部位的精准释放,药物运输机器人需要具备强大的驱动力、导航系统、药物释放和组织渗透的能力。

虽然已有的机器人“羽翼未丰”,但是它是实现药物运输的理想化载体。科学家们对其充满期待,他们认为纳米机器人有望实现药物的快速、精准释放,从而提高疗效、减轻药物副作用。

很多初步研究已经很好地在体外、试管中展示了纳米机器人在药物运输上的潜能,例如多层管状聚合纳米机器人被证实可以通过多孔膜逐层装载抗癌药物阿霉素,且可以到达癌细胞附近。不少用于药物运输的微型/纳米机器人正处于研发早期。其中,细胞内运输是该领域的热门研究方向。纳米机器人能够穿透细胞膜并直接运输各种治疗药物进入细胞内部。

除了化学反应、超声波、电能等驱动力之外,科学家们还找到一种趋磁趋氧细菌(Magnetococcus marinus strain MC-1),它们可以驱动纳米脂质体运输至肿瘤缺氧区。这一类细菌会朝着磁场和低氧区域运动。以移植有结肠癌的小鼠为模型,研究人员发现,55%的MC-1细菌会趋向结肠肿瘤的缺氧区域HCT116。这些研究成果表情,微生物的趋磁趋氧特性可以提高药物在肿瘤缺氧地区的释放效率。微生物有望在机器人药物运输中“大展身手”。

实现手术的精准操作

手术机器人已经展现出减少复杂外科手术风险、拓宽外科医生能力的优势。这类机器人有望协助医生实现更高精度、更灵活和可控性的微创手术。与大型器械不同的是,微型机器人配备有高分辨率三维内镜,可以在患者体内灵活转动,有望突破传统外科手术的局限,将微创技术更广泛的应用于复杂的外科手术。

从纳米钻头(nanodrillers)、微型夹钳(microgrippers)到微型子弹(microbullets),这些工具的升级为微创手术提供了独特的潜能,它们可以在细胞水平实现特定组织的穿透、定位、移除等操作。

此外,磁驱动微型机器人在体内微创手术领域也展现出很大的应用前景,因为磁场可以穿透较厚的生物组织。科学家们已经证实植入式磁驱动微型机器人可以在兔子的眼后段进行手术。

实现疾病的精准诊断

得益于自主的运动性能、简单的表面功能化以及高效捕获、分离目标物的优势,微型/纳米机器人在疾病精准诊断上同样也发挥着很大的作用。微型/纳米级传感策略依赖于人工马达的能动性,借助于携带不同的生物受体,机器人能够穿过样本实现与特定生物分子的即时互作。借助这一原理,纳米机器人可以识别、隔离体液中的靶向分子,包括蛋白质、核酸、癌细胞等等。

除了检测、运输在细胞外的生物分子,纳米机器人还可以进入细胞,在其内实现传感功能。有研究团队通过给纳米机器人携带上荧光标记的单链DNA探针,实现其对细胞内microRNA-21分子的检测。

实现解毒

除了药物运输、手术之外,微型/纳米机器人也可以作为强大的解毒工具。类似于生物传感,解毒功能依赖于纳米机器人快速捕获、清除毒素。通过包裹上特定的材料,机器人可以在体内“巡逻”并“抓捕”有毒物质。这类机器人的工作原理类似于天然清理毒素的细胞,例如血红细胞(RBCs)。已有科学团队研发出携带有包裹了RBC细胞膜的镁微粒的机器人,研究表明它能够有效吸收、中和体液中的α-toxin。

此外,也有研究团队将红细胞膜与超声驱动的纳米机器人整合在一起,用于清除血液中的成孔毒素。另一种解毒尝试是构建3D版“微型小鱼”,这些小鱼携带聚二乙炔纳米粒子,可以吸引并于毒素结合。

总结、展望

过去十年,微型/纳米机器人从一个未知、多功能平台发展至集成纳米技术、人工智能等优点的技术。他们表现出很多独特的优势和应用潜力,包括在生物组织中快速运动、定位、长时间运输、精准捕获和隔离目标物等等。这些优势促成了它在生命医学领域的广泛应用,从药物运输、精准手术到细胞水平灵敏检测生物分子、高效清除有毒化合物,这意味着纳米机器人有望贯穿疾病诊疗预防的全过程。

当然,目前微型/纳米机器人在医疗领域的应用还处于起步阶段。发挥微小机器人的全部潜能面临很多未知和挑战。其中,一个重大挑战是筛选到新能源,它需要具备长期自主操作、较好的生物相容性等特性。虽然不同的化学反应和外部刺激可以驱动微小机器人的运动,但是新的替代燃料和驱动机制很有必要,它们有望确保机器人在体内更安全、持续地运行。

未来,微型机器人会朝着更加智能的方向发展,具备高流行性、可变形结构、可持续操作、精准控制等可能,机器人之间还有望实现集群智能合作,甚至于自我进化、自我复制。

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    2017-04-12 xue8602
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    2017-04-12 jichang
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    2017-04-10 Dr.Grape

    脑洞大开,未来医学无线可能啊

    0

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