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9.21:Remember me!关于老年性痴呆,你了解多少?

2016-09-21 佚名 生物探索

导语:9月21日是“世界老年性痴呆病宣传日”,由世界阿尔兹海默症协会于1994年确定而成,旨在通过一系列主题活动宣传老年性痴呆病,提高社会认知度的同时,呼吁大家合理防治、关爱和尊重老年痴呆患者。今年,世界老年性痴呆病宣传日的主题是“记得我”(Remember Me)。9月21日,一个稀松平常的日子却承担着一个大大的含义和使命。这一天是“世界老年性痴呆病宣传日”,由世界阿尔兹海默症协会于1994

导语:9月21日是“世界老年性痴呆病宣传日”,由世界阿尔兹海默症协会于1994年确定而成,旨在通过一系列主题活动宣传老年性痴呆病,提高社会认知度的同时,呼吁大家合理防治、关爱和尊重老年痴呆患者。今年,世界老年性痴呆病宣传日的主题是“记得我”(Remember Me)。

9月21日,一个稀松平常的日子却承担着一个大大的含义和使命。

这一天是“世界老年性痴呆病宣传日”,由世界阿尔兹海默症协会于1994年确定而成,届时全球超60个国家将举办一系列主题活动宣传老年性痴呆病,提高社会认知度的同时,呼吁大家合理防治、关爱和尊重老年痴呆患者。今年宣传日的主题是“记得我”(Remember Me)。



什么是老年性痴呆病?

普通人对于老年性痴呆症的认知,可能有个大概的轮廓:记不清发生过的事,不认识亲人,情绪容易波动,生活不能自理,像个无理取闹的孩子……

其实,老年性痴呆症是一种伴随年龄增长而出现的一种慢性神经衰退疾病,远远比我们看到的要复杂得多。在医学上最常见的形式是阿尔兹海默症(AD),约占痴呆病因的60-70%。其他造成老年痴呆的疾病还包括血管性痴呆、路易体痴呆(神经细胞内出现蛋白质异常聚集)和额颞叶痴呆(大脑额叶恶化)。

老年痴呆症对患者的影响并不相同,取决于患病形式和患者个体差异。阿尔兹海默症因为起病隐袭、多发于中老年群体,很多患者及其家属并不清楚真正生病的时间,其各阶段患者的典型症状如下:

生病初期:健忘;时间感、判断力丧失;对一些基本的日常生活技能表示迷茫和无措;迷路……值得注意的是,这一阶段常常被患者及其家属忽视。

生病中期:记忆进一步受损;时空感能力衰退;沟通障碍增加;不能独立进行室外活动;情绪紊乱、易反复提问……

生病晚期:患者近乎晚期依赖他们护理;记忆严重衰退;大小便失禁、四肢僵硬……

有多少人生病?

全世界有4750万痴呆症患者,其中一半以上(58%)生活在低收入和中等收入国家。每年新增病例为770万。据估计,每100位60岁及以上人口中就有5至8名痴呆症患者。

根据阿尔兹海默症协会统计的数据,预计2050年病患数量估计将上涨至13,500万例,届时71%患者来自中低下收入家庭,需耗费6,000亿美元治疗费用。



为什么会生病?

老年性痴呆症是老年人残疾、依赖他人的主要原因之一,但是它并不是年老的正常情况。也就是说“年老”≠“痴呆”。

关于阿尔兹海默症的致病原因一直在研究中,涉及很多因素,例如遗传、外伤、病毒感染、其他疾病等等。对致病机制研究显示,AD主要是大脑和特定皮层下的神经元和突触受到损伤,导致大脑功能区域萎缩,从而表现出智力下降、记忆减弱、语言退化等症状。

已有的研究表明,阿尔兹海默症的主要病理特征是老年斑和神经元纤维缠结。其中老年斑是β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉淀造成,而神经元纤维缠结由Tau蛋白过度磷酸化造成。Aβ在到大脑过度产生,聚集成寡聚体后再进一步形成Aβ纤维,引发神经元突触功能障碍、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化和继发炎性反应,导致神经元变性死亡,最终导致痴呆。

如何治疗?

目前,现有的治疗药物仅仅只能缓解阿尔兹海默症的症状,对已造成的脑神经损伤不能修复,且无有效预防和控制病情恶化的表现。

几十年来,科学家们一直试图找到能够预防、减缓甚至于治愈阿尔兹海默症。关于阿尔兹海默症治疗药物的研发主要集中在三个靶点:1)抗氧化;2)清除脑内过分沉积Aβ蛋白,延缓认知缺陷进程;3)调控Tau蛋白磷酸化,减少错误折叠和异常集聚。

2015年12月,美国前国务卿希拉里•克林顿启动阿尔兹海默症研究项目,旨在2026年之前研发出能够治疗甚至治愈阿尔兹海默症的方法。参考医药魔方汇总的数据,目前共有超70种药物处于临床研究中,包括礼来、辉瑞、默沙东、基因泰克、百健等在内的多家制药企业都有布局该领域。

制药公司嘴里“难啃”的骨头

阿尔兹海默症药物的研发历来都是投入多产出少,不少制药巨头都在这一领域尝到过失败的滋味,甚至于有数据统计显示该领域药物临床失败率高达99.6%。

但是,庞大的市场需求驱赶着制药企业加快诊疗药物和技术的研究。目前,百健的aducanumab、罗氏的gantenerumab、礼来的solanezuma、罗氏/基因泰克的Crenezumab都致力于清除蛋白病斑,且均处于临床中后期。大家都在翘首以盼,看谁能首个填补这一空缺。

除了治疗药物之外,如何及时诊断甚至于预测阿尔兹海默症患病概率也是科学家努力的方向,涉及有血液检测、视力/气味诊断、PET成像等技术的开发。

对患病老人更多关爱和护理很重要!

因为社会对于老年性痴呆症认知不全,甚至于存在歧视,患者常常得不到及时的护理和必要的关爱,而且诊断、治疗手段有限。

阿尔茨海默症协会Doug Brown表示,阿尔兹海默症比癌症更可怕。但是遗憾的是,相比于癌症,阿尔兹海默症的研究落后了25年。科学家们估计,延缓5年的发病时间,将会减少近乎一半的老年痴呆症患者数量,相当于现在痴呆症患者(>65岁)数量的三分之一。

所以,科学家们认为对待老年性痴呆症最理想的医护方式是预防,做到哪怕不能根治也至少能延缓疾病的时间和严重程度。

那么,如何预防呢?对于一些慢性疾病,例如糖尿病高血压、肥胖、抑郁等疾病的致病因素多加注意和避免。另外,规律的锻炼、愉悦的心情、戒烟戒酒……都是预防老年痴呆的良好生活方式。

随着社会老龄化问题的凸显,老年人口加剧、养老保障薄弱、医疗费用提高等现状也越来越需要受到重视和解决。对待老年人,我们需要常陪伴、多关心。对待痴呆患者,我们更需要付出时间、耐心让他们接收到及时的护理和规范的治疗。

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    2016-10-12 tongyongming
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    2016-09-22 Inocent0218

    老年性痴呆,这是世界难题,需要全世界共同关注!

    0

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    2016-09-22 刘煜

    学习了谢谢。

    0

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    2016-09-21 医路开来

    国家要突破这个疾病的治疗

    0

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    2016-09-21 医路开来

    对患病老人更多关爱和护理很重要!

    0

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    2016-09-21 医路开来

    对待痴呆患者,我们更需要付出时间、耐心让他们接收到及时的护理和规范的治疗。

    0

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    2016-09-21 医路开来

    老年性痴呆症是一种伴随年龄增长而出现的一种慢性神经衰退疾病,

    0

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